Integrated Metabolomic and Lipidomic Analysis Reveals the Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Bushen Tiansui Formula in an Aβ1-42-Induced Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Table 2

Differentially expressed endogenous metabolites between groups BSTSF and AD and their change trends in all groups.

Metabolite		Rt (min)	HMDB ID	PubChem ID	BSTSF vs. AD			AD^a	BSTSF^b
					VIP		FC
ESI+
5-Methylthioadenosine	342.0866	2.1028	0001173	439176	1.779	0.028	0.962	↑	↓
1-(Hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethyl-2,4-imidazolidinedione	123.0551	1.3183	0031670	67000	1.923	0.031	0.981	↑	↓
Buddledin A	277.1805	6.8324	—	5281514	2.010	0.022	0.953	↑	↓
C16 sphinganine	274.2742	5.8082	—	5283572	2.003	0.029	0.981	↑	↓
D-Glutamine	147.0762	0.7581	0003423	145815	1.907	0.032	0.987	↑	↓
Cer(d18:0/22:0)	665.6552	10.5332	0011765	5283575	2.332	0.007	0.995	↑	↓
Fasciculic acid B	678.4588	7.1307	0036438	196808	1.923	0.021	0.833	↑	↓
L-Carnitine	162.1123	0.7298	0000062	10917	2.276	0.005	0.981	↑	↓
Methyl 10-undecenoate	199.1691	6.5087	0029585	8138	1.762	0.038	0.992	↑	↓
PE(15:0/14:1(9Z))	680.4797	10.8995	0008888	52924158	2.101	0.017	0.987	↑	↓
N-Acetylproline	190.1068	5.3884	0094701	66141	1.920	0.028	0.987	↑	↓
N-Succinyl-L,L-2,6-diaminopimelate	273.1097	14.0721	0012267	25202447	1.759	0.038	1.007		↑
Peperinic acid	205.0849	6.1559	0038181	156203	2.192	0.008	1.013	—	↑
2-Octenyl butyrate	199.1693	7.5996	0038081	124355627	1.989	0.019	1.045	↓	↑
Glycinoeclepin A	510.2488	5.5944	0037037	19007174	1.914	0.022	1.020	↓	↑
L-Aspartic acid	134.0446	0.9605	0000191	5960	1.741	0.040	1.008	↓	↑
Monoisobutyl phthalic acid	205.085	5.9735	0002056	92272	2.182	0.008	1.028	↓	↑
N-Acetyl-L-aspartic acid	351.1035	0.9605	0000812	65065	2.425	0.003	1.018	↓	↑
ESI-
3-Oxo-4,6-choladienoic acid	415.2505	14.0629	0000476	5283992	2.242	0.007	0.981	↑	↓
Acetyl-DL-leucine	172.0975	2.7628	—	1995	2.152	0.012	0.882	↑	↓
Camellianin A	655.1471	10.0921	0029908	5487343	2.046	0.020	0.985	↑	↓
Furanofukinin	293.1751	5.9909	0036640	78385403	1.662	0.042	0.981	↑	↓
Glycerol 2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoate)			0041511	15607291	1.992	0.025	0.871	—	↓
Indinavir	648.3376	11.0497	0014369	5362440	1.912	0.029	0.972		↓
Methylisocitric acid	241.0113	0.73	0006471	5459784	1.897	0.036	0.939	↑	↓
N-Acetyl-D-phenylalanine	206.0817	3.0047	—	101184	1.863	0.027	0.887	↑	↓
N-Hexacosanoylglycine	498.4148	9.9473	0062678	91828268	1.704	0.046	0.798	↑	↓
PS(20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)/22:4(7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z))	896.518	12.6161	0112616	131819845	1.904	0.031	0.955	—	↓
Sodium tetradecyl sulfate	275.1677	7.6509	0014607	23665770	1.752	0.032	0.841	↑	↓
Tetracosahexaenoic acid	393.2201	6.0111	0002007	6439582	1.912	0.033	1.290	↓	↑
4-Nitrophenol	138.02	3.6423	0001232	980	1.675	0.034	1.028	↓	↑
Amphotericin B	922.4847	10.5551	0014819	5280965	2.121	0.016	1.102		↑
Citbismine A	639.1921	3.8775	0041086	131753020	1.609	0.038	1.710	↓	↑
PE-NMe(15:0/18:0)	754.5181	11.0497	0113019	131820134	1.896	0.021	1.051	↓	↑

Abbreviations: BSTSF: Bushen Tiansui Formula; AD: Alzheimer’s disease; Rt (min): retention time; VIP: variable importance; FC: fold change. Fold change was calculated as average relative quantitation obtained from group BSTSF/group AD, and a value less than 1 indicates a decrease in the metabolites of group BSTSF. The levels of potential biomarkers were labeled with “↓” (downregulated) and “↑” (upregulated) (). ^aChange trend compared with the sham group. ^bChange trend compared with the AD group.