Relationship between Decreased Serum Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Metabolic Syndrome: Synergistic Mediating Role of Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction
Table 1
Differences of baseline characteristics between individuals with and without metabolic syndrome.
Variables
Non-MS ()
MS ()
Gender (male (%))
106 (42.9%)
85 (29.7%)
0.002
Age (years)
<0.001
BMI (kg/m2)
<0.001
WC (cm)
<0.001
HC (cm)
<0.001
WHR
0.94 (0.93, 0.96)
0.95 (0.93, 0.96)
0.244
SBP (mmHg)
<0.001
DBP (mmHg)
0.001
HbA1c (%)
5.40 (5.20, 5.70)
5.80 (5.50, 6.20)
<0.001
FPG (mmol/L)
5.59 (5.27, 6.07)
6.23 (5.80, 7.10)
<0.001
PG30 (mmol/L)
9.71 (8.30, 11.36)
11.29 (9.75, 13.69)
<0.001
PG60 (mmol/L)
8.80 (6.83, 10.69)
10.79 (8.57, 15.06)
<0.001
PG120 (mmol/L)
6.55 (5.43, 7.63)
8.13 (6.78, 11.65)
<0.001
HOMA-IR
2.07 (1.51, 2.80)
3.35 (2.43, 5.16)
<0.001
ISIM
20.56 (14.32, 27.24)
11.93 (8.13, 16.58)
<0.001
HOMA-β
74.02 (50.75, 105.68)
78.26 (55.88, 120.34)
0.104
ISSI-2
118.21 (86.91, 157.45)
84.42 (50.79, 114.69)
<0.001
UA (μmol/L)
0.001
TC (mmol/L)
0.009
TG (mmol/L)
1.10 (0.80, 1.39)
1.85 (1.36, 2.52)
<0.001
HDL-C (mmol/L)
<0.001
LDL-C (mmol/L)
<0.001
Calories (kcal)
1507.60 (1193.59, 1901.27)
1507.60 (1142.49, 1873.42)
0.903
Calories (kcal/kg)
23.55 (17.57, 28.87)
21.08 (15.45, 26.29)
0.001
Fat
38.97 (19.55, 63.47)
38.97 (18.20, 57.79)
0.228
Protein
41.98 (32.37, 51.89)
41.98 (30.84, 50.46)
0.542
Carbohydrate
237.49 (190.51, 311.33)
237.49 (185.56, 318.02)
0.896
Vitamin A
117.90 (36.49, 243.36)
117.90 (48.81, 204.83)
0.615
Carotene
346.85 (101.81, 818.27)
346.85 (123.36, 792.20)
0.523
Vitamin C
35.85 (19.97, 58.50)
35.85 (18.68, 56.58)
0.732
Vitamin E
14.91 (8.55, 29.11)
14.91 (8.17, 32.75)
0.884
Zinc
7.22 (5.59, 9.25)
7.22 (5.09, 9.11)
0.634
Selenium
23.78 (16.51, 32.91)
23.78 (16.63, 31.60)
0.682
Manganese
4.56 (3.43, 5.90)
4.56 (3.37, 6.18)
0.876
Abbreviations: MS: metabolic syndrome; BMI: body mass index; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; WHR: waist to hip ratio; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HbA1c: glycosylated hemoglobin A1c; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; PG30, 60, and 120: postload plasma glucose at 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min during OGTT; FINS: fasting insulin; INS30, 60, and 120: postload insulin at 30 min, 60 min, and 120 min during OGTT; ISIM: Matsuda insulin sensitivity index; ISSI-2: insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2; UA: uric acid; TC: total cholesterol; TG: total triglyceride; HDL-C: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
