Relationship between Decreased Serum Superoxide Dismutase Activity and Metabolic Syndrome: Synergistic Mediating Role of Insulin Resistance and β-Cell Dysfunction

Table 2

Stepwise multivariate logistic regressions with SOD activity predicting MS.

Models	OR (per SD change for SOD activity)	95% CI
Model 1	0.719	0.572-0.903	0.005
Model 2	0.721	0.569-0.914	0.007
Model 3	0.718	0.565-0.912	0.007
Model 4	0.750	0.576-0.978	0.034

Model 1: adjusted for gender, age, and BMI. Model 2: adjusted for model 1+dietary factors (dietary intake of calories per kilogram body weight, fat, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E, zinc, selenium, and manganese). Model 3: adjusted for model 2+cellular aging and oxidative stress markers (LTL, mtDNAcn, 8-OHdG, and GR). Model 4: adjusted for model 3+ISIM+ISSI-2. Abbreviations: OR: odds ratio; 95% CI: 95% confidence intervals; BMI: body mass index; LTL: leukocyte telomere length; mtDNAcn: mitochondrial DNA copy number; 8-OHdG: 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine; SOD: superoxide dismutase; GR: glutathione reductase; ISIM: Matsuda insulin sensitivity index; ISSI-2: insulin secretion-sensitivity index-2; MS: metabolic syndrome.