Natural Drugs as a Treatment Strategy for Cardiovascular Disease through the Regulation of Oxidative Stress

Table 1

Detailed information on bioactive ingredients targeting oxidative stress.

No.	Active ingredients	Natural drug	Mechanism of action	Treatment disease
1.	Ginsenoside Rb1	Panax ginseng	(1) Inhibits the expression of proapoptotic genes Bax, Bad, and Fas; (2) Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme; (3) Reduces the oxygen free radicals	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury
2.	Ginsenoside Rg1	Panax ginseng	(1) Inhibition of caspase-3, Bax, and ap-JNK expression; (2) Increases the expression of p-ERK; (3) Reduces ROS	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury
3.	Ginsenoside Rg2	Panax ginseng	(1) Inhibition of CK and LDH; (2) Reduced LPO; (3) Increases the activity of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury
4.	Delphinidin-3-glucoside	Anthocyanidin	(1) Inhibits the expression of NOX2/NOX4 and caspase-3; (2) Reduces ROS; (3) Induces autophagy through AMPK/SIRT1	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Ischemia-reperfusion injury
4.	Total flavonoids of matsuba	Matsuba	(1) Reduce O2 and H2O2; (2) Inhibit the formation of LPO and MDA; (3) Increase the activity of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Atherosclerosis; (3) Hyperlipidemia
5.	Orientin	Passiflora leaves	(1) Reduces ROS; (2) Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme; (3) Regulating AMPK, Akt, mTOR, and Bcl-2	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Atherosclerosis
6.	Hawthorn leaf flavonoids	Genus	(1) Inhibit the formation of LPO; (2) Increase the activity of antioxidant enzyme; (3) Inhibit free radical reaction	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Atherosclerosis; (3) Hyperlipidemia
7.	Anemarrhenoside	Anemarrhena asphodeloides	(1) Promoting the production of SOD; (2) Inhibit the expression of prooxidative stress protein; (3) Reduce ROS	Ischemia-reperfusion
8.	Hesperidin	Citrus fruits	(1) Regulating Nrf2/ARE/HO-1 and TGF-beta1/Smad3 signal transduction; (2) Regulating PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway	Ischemia-reperfusion
9.	Resveratrol	Peanuts, red wine, mulberries, etc.	(1) Inhibits the formation of oxygen free radicals; (2) Reduces ROS; (3) Increases the expression of eNOS by activating SIRT1	(1) Hypertension; (2) Ischemia-reperfusion
10.	Tea polyphenols	Tea	(1) Increase the activity of SOD; (2) Inhibit the formation of LPO; (3) Downregulating Hcy metabolic enzymes	(1) Hypertension; (2) Ischemia-reperfusion
11.	Saponins of Panax notoginseng	Panax notoginseng	(1) Inhibit the formation of LPO and MDA; (2) Increase the activity of SOD; (3) Upregulate the expression of GSH and CAT	Hypertension
12.	Berberine	Rhizoma coptidis	Regulates the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway	Hypertension
13.	Allicin	Allium in Liliaceae	(1) Scavenging free radicals; (2) Inhibits the formation of ROS; (3) Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme	Hypertension
14.	Curcumin	Rhizome of a turmeric plant	(1) Reducing the formation of peroxides; (2) Inhibiting the expression of Bax, beclin-1, BNIP3, and SIRT1; (3) Inhibiting PI3K-AKT-mTOR signal transduction	Hypertension
15.	Astragaloside IV	Astragalus propinquus	(1) Increases the activity of T-SOD, GSH-PX, and CAT; (2) Inhibits the formation of MPO, NADPH, MDA, and ROS; (3) Inhibits the activity of CPK and LDH	(1) Heart failure; (2) Heart remodeling; (3) Ventricular dysfunction
16.	Tetramethylpyrazine	Ligusticum chuanxiong	(1) Increased the expression level of microRNA-499a; (2) Upregulation of sirtuin1	(1) Heart failure; (2) Coronary heart disease
17.	Gastrodin	Gastrodia elata	(1) Inhibits the formation of LPO and oxygen free radicals; (2) Increases the activity of SOD	Heart failure
18.	Safflower	Crocus sativus L.	(1) Inducing autophagy; (2) Increasing the expression of Nrf2/HO-1/NADPH/NQO1	Heart failure
19.	Ferulic acid	Angelica sinensis	(1) Inhibition of CK and LDH; (2) Activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway; (3) Reduces ROS	Heart failure
20.	Paeonol	Paeonia suffruticosa	(1) Increases the activity of SOD; (2) Inhibits the formation of LPO and oxygen free radical	(1) Arrhythmia; (2) Coronary heart disease
21.	Matrine	Sophora flavescens	Increases the activity of antioxidant enzyme	Arrhythmia
22.	Astragalus polysaccharide	Astragalus propinquus	(1) Increases the activity of SOD; (2) Inhibits the formation of LPO, ROS, and oxygen free radical; (3) Increased the expression of 8-OH-AD	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Acute myocardial infarction
23.	Quercetin	Dendrobium nobile	(1) Inhibits the expression of aldose reductase; (2) Inhibits the formation of MPO and NADPH; (3) Inhibits the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	(1) Acute myocardial infarction; (2) Ischemia-reperfusion
24.	Tanshinone II-A	Salvia miltiorrhiza	(1) Upregulation of Nrf-2; (2) Regulates the autophagy genes ATG and LC3	(1) Coronary heart disease; (2) Acute myocardial infarction
25.	Gypenoside	Gynostemma pentaphyllum	(1) Increases the activity of SOD; (2) Inhibits the formation of oxygen free radical	Acute myocardial infarction
26.	Soybean isoflavone	Glycine max	(1) Increases the activity of SOD and GSH-Px; (2) Inhibits the activity of NADPH and NOX	(1) Acute myocardial infarction; (2) Hyperlipidemia
27.	Hydroxy safflower yellow	Carthamus tinctorius L.	(1) Activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; (2) Increases the expression of NADPH and NQO1	Acute myocardial infarction

ROS: reactive oxygen species; ap-JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase- (JNK-) c-Jun/activated protein (AP); p-ERK: protein kinase R- (PKR-) like endoplasmic reticulum kinase; CK: creatine kinase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; LPO: lipid peroxidation; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; MDA: malondialdehyde; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; NOX2: NADPH oxidase 2; NOX4: NADPH oxidase 4; AMPK: adenosine 5-monophosphate- (AMP-) activated protein kinase; SIRT1: sirtuin1; PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt: serine/threonine kinase Akt; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; ARE: antioxidant response element; HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; TGF-beta1: transforming growth factor beta 1; NQO1: NAD(P)H quinone dehydrogenase 1.