Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Kidney Disease: Implications for Noninvasive Monitoring and Identification of Biomarkers

Figure 1

Causes and possible consequences of oxidative stress in acute and chronic kidney diseases. Increase in oxidative stress occurs as a consequence of behavioral factors and physiological and pathophysiological processes in the human body (left panel). In turn, oxidative stress contributes to the development of a variety of injuries (right panel), which may further promote oxidative stress and aggravate the initial cause, creating a “vicious circle” between oxidative stress and tissue injury.