Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Kidney Disease: Implications for Noninvasive Monitoring and Identification of Biomarkers
Table 1
Main advantages and disadvantages of blood, urine, and saliva collection and of measuring markers of oxidative stress and antioxidant status in these body fluids.
Blood collection
Urine collection
Saliva collection
Advantages
Stable environment Collectible in sufficient amounts Established referenced values
Noninvasive, without stress Easy to collect at home Easy to collect in sufficient amounts Inexpensive and fast collection No risk of infection Low organic/inorganic metal amount: no artificial increase of oxidative stress
Noninvasive, without stress Easy to collect at home Inexpensive and fast collection No risk of infection Low organic/inorganic metal amount: no artificial increase of oxidative stress
Disadvantages
Invasive and stressful Risk of vessel injury and infection Requires equipment Requires a trained staff Time consuming Organic/inorganic metals present: artificial increase of oxidative stress
Not established (missing reference values) High variability (hydration status, gender, age, weight, local changes, etc.)
Not established (missing reference values) High variability (flow rate, hydration status, gender, age, weight, blood contamination, local changes, etc.)
