Dielectric Constant and Conductivity of Blood Plasma: Possible Novel Biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease

Figure 1

The various stages of AD and some approaches that can be adopted in identifying a reliable biomarker for AD. APP: amyloid precursor protein; PSEN: presenilin; APOE β4: apolipoprotein E β4; CLU: clusterin; CR 1: complement receptor 1; PET: positron emission tomography; fMRI: functional magnetic resonance imaging; CT: computerized tomography; EEG: electroencephalogram; TMS: transcranial magnetic stimulation.