The Role of BRG1 in Antioxidant and Redox Signaling

Table 1

The nucleic acid and protein modulators of BRG1. This list summarizes the current research on the nucleic acid and protein modulators of BRG1. ARE: antioxidant reaction element; BAF: BRG1/BRM-associated factor; BRG1: Brahma-related gene-1; BRM: Brahma; CK2: casein kinase 2; HO-1: heme oxygenase 1; lncRNA: long noncoding RNA; MiR: microRNA; ncRNA: noncoding RNA; NKTCL: natural killer/T-cell lymphoma; Nrf2: nuclear factor E2-related factor 2; OGD/R: oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor γ; SWI/SNF: switch/sucrose nonfermentable; UCA1: urothelial carcinoma-associated 1.

Modulators	Known actions	Ref.
Nucleic acids
Btr	Under anaerobic conditions, Btr can increase the expression of BRG1 in E. coli by three times.	[102]
LncRNA Evf2	Evf2 directly inhibits BRG1 ATPase and chromatin remodeling activities.	[103]
LncRNA UCA1	UCA1, as a suppressor of BRG1, promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation by inhibiting BRG1.	[104]
MiR-101, miR-199, and miR-155	BRG1 expression is controlled by miR-101, miR-199, and miR-155 through binding to 3UTRs.	[105]
MiR-155	There is a negative correlation between miR-155 level and BRG1 in normal NK, as well as two NKTCL cell lines and the MOLT4 cell line.	[106, 107]
MiR-139-5p	MiR-139-5p promotes apoptosis and suppresses proliferation of human airway smooth muscle cells by decreasing the BRG1.	[108, 109]
MiR-144-3p	MiR-144-3p promotes OGD/R-induced neuronal injury by negatively regulating BRG1/Nrf2/ARE signaling.	[46]
MiR-199a-5p	Downregulation of miR-199a-5p can protect neurons from OGD/R-induced neuron damage by upregulating BRG1 to activate Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.	[47] [110]
MiR-21	BRG1 is a direct target of miR-21.	[111]
MiR-221/222	BRG1 is the most likely target affected by miR-221/222 during LPS tolerance, and increased expression of miR-221/222 reduces BRG1 expression.	[112]
MiR-206	BRG1 may be an important gene target of miR-206 during carcinogenesis and osteogenesis.	[113]
MiR-302	MiR-302 binds the 3UTRs and directly regulates the BRG1 complex subunits BAF53a and BAF170.	[114]
MiR-99a	BRG1 is positively regulated by miR-99a and is involved in hypoxia-induced cell injuries in H9C2 cells.	[19]
NcRNA Xist	Xist binding inhibits BRG1’s nucleosome-remodeling activity and results in expulsion of the SWI/SNF complex from the Xi.	[115]
Proteins
Angiotensin II	Expression of BRG1 is increased in vitro when cardiomyocytes are stimulated with angiotensin II or a β-adrenergic agonist.	[116]
Calcineurin	Calcineurin (Cn) regulates the ability of BRG1 and other SWI/SNF enzyme subunits to stably associate with myogenic promoters during differentiation.	[117]
Camk2a	Camk2a-Cre-mediated conditional deletion of BRG1 leads to perinatal hydrocephalus.	[118]
CK2	CK2-mediated phosphorylation of BRG1 regulates myoblast proliferation.	[119]
Cdx	Cdx transcription factors regulate target gene expression, in part, through recruitment of BRG1-associated SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling activity.	[120]
Gcn5	In vivo and in vitro, the Snf2 subunit of the SWI/SNF complex is acetylated directly by the Gcn5-containing complexes.	[121]
NRG1	BRG1 expression is inhibited in the NRG1Δ mutant and BRG1’s induction was blocked by overexpression of NRG1.	[122]
p63	P63 directly modulates the expression of BRG1.	[123]
PPARγ	PPARγ activation-mediated inhibition of BRG1 activity through NF-κB pathway.	[124]
SCF FBW7	SCF FBW7-mediated degradation of BRG1 inhibits gastric cancer metastasis.	[125]
SRG3	SRG3 protects the major components of the SWI/SNF complex from proteasomal degradation by interacting directly with them.	[126]