|
| Nutrient | Antioxidant/benefit effects in PD | Prooxidant/side effects in PD |
|
| Melatonin | Increases the expression of GPx, SOD, and catalase [134]
Improves sleep disturbances in PD patients [139, 140] | Melatonin can promote ROS production at a concentration of 10-1000 μM [143] |
|
| Vitamins | The low singular form of vitamin B (10 mM) can induce differentiation of embryonic stem neuron cells [153]
Vitamin C has antioxidant properties and it is well distributed in the brain [155]
Vitamin D protects dopaminergic neurons [159] | The high singular form of vitamin B3 (>20 mM) can induce cytotoxicity and cell death [153]
Vitamin C can induce OS in the presence of free transition metals and H2O2 [156] |
|
| Whey protein supplements | 20 g/day increases GSH in PD patients but does not improve the severity of disease [176] | High protein intake decreases the absorption of levodopa and increases the symptoms of PD [177] |
|
| Chocolate | Chocolate rich in flavonoids has free radical scavenging capacity and neuroprotective effects [180]
No improvement was found in motor function after administration of 200 g of cocoa chocolate in PD patients [188] | Cocoa chocolate contains β-phenylethylamine which can promote -OH formation and psychomotor dysfunction [192] |
|
| Berberine | Administration of 50 mg/kg prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons and improves motor balance and coordination in a rat PD model [219] | Long-term administration of berberine increases loss of dopaminergic neuronal mass in vitro and in vivo [220]
Berberine along with chronic L-DOPA administration causes degeneration of dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra in a rat model of PD [221] |
|
| Curcumin | Decreases ROS and the neurodegenerative severity and improves locomotor symptoms in Drosophila PD model [226] | |
|
| Quercetin | Administration of quercetin and piperine decreases the neurotoxicity in rat PD model [230] | |
|
| Coffee | Components in coffee have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects [204, 206] | |
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