(–)-Epicatechin Modulates Mitochondrial Redox in Vascular Cell Models of Oxidative Stress

Figure 3

(a, b) Cellular signaling: Cells were harvested and lysates processed for protein expression via Western blot analysis (). Blots were probed for pAMPK, AMPK, peNOS, eNOS, SIRT3, and PGC1-α. Specific activity (SA) was calculated as phosphorylated signal normalized to total signal for AMPK and eNOS. , interaction, treatment, or EPICAT effect, two-way ANOVA, Tukey multiple comparisons analysis. A long horizontal bar over the entire graph indicates an interaction effect, smaller bars over the EPICAT groups indicates an EPICAT effect, while bars with tabs indicate a single main effect of either AA or HG. Post hoc analyses are described as as compared to control, as compared to treatment, as compared to EPICAT control. Data are expressed as .

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