Review: uncertain and unspecific evidence on the role of ROS in development. Assessment of recent methods to detect ROS in vivo—markers of cellular ROS production in embryos
Review: impact of redox state on fetal development and placenta High ROS levels cause impairment fetal development and placental function Possible therapeutic interventions with antioxidant: Vit C and E—uncertain
Male gender Oxidative stress 8-Hyroxy-2-deoxyguauosine, glutathione, vitamin A
Cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD), anencephaly, spina bifida, congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), omphalocele, gastroschisis, limb defects, cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), and isolated cleft palate
Increased OS in males Development of CCHD, omphalocele, neural tube, and facial cleft is linked to increased OS (↑8-hyroxy-2-deoxyguauosine, glutathione) (↓vitamin A)
Alteration of SOD1gene expression, Cu/Zn SOD protein levels and other antioxidant enzymes (thioredoxin 1) ≥poor proliferative capability of tissues in DS (telomeric attrition, increased expression of Rcan1) - > ↑OS - > pathophysiology of DS
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) N-Acetyl-cysteine (NAC)
Treacher Collins syndrome
Tcof1 haploinsufficiency results in OS-induced DNA damage and neuroepithelial cell death Maternal treatment with antioxidants minimizes cell death in the neuroepithelium and substantially ameliorates/prevents the pathogenesis of craniofacial anomalies in Tcof1+/− mice
Review: role of Tcof1 mutation in embryonic craniofacial development Genetic and environmental factors ≥severity of craniofacial abnormalities, prospect for prenatal prevention of craniofacial anomalies
A-T, BS, and NBS may be considered mitochondrial diseases. Excess activity of antioxidant enzymes and an insufficient amount of low molecular weight antioxidants indicate new pharmacological strategies for treatment.
eNOS and NO—critical for property morphogenesis of all major components of the developing heart ↑ ROS—nonspecific damage and permanent functional changes 8-OHG—RNA damage causative factor Hyperglycemia = ↑ROS Treatment with Vit E and C = ↓ rate and severity of CHD