Research Article
Salivary Gland Dysfunction in Stroke Patients Is Associated with Increased Protein Glycoxidation and Nitrosative Stress
Table 1
Characteristics of both groups of stroke patients and controls.
| | Clinical characteristics | Control group
| Study group
| value | Stroke with NS
| Stroke with HP
| NS vs. CG | HP vs. CG | NS vs. HP |
| | Sex | Male (%) | 19 (63.33) | 11 (68.75) | 7 (50.00) | ns | | Female (%) | 11 (36.67) | 5 (31.25) | 7 (50.00) | | Age in years | () | | | | ns | | Place of residence | Urban Center (%) | 10 (33.33) | 6 (37.5) | 2 (14.28) | ns | | Small town (%) | 9 (30.00) | 4 (25.00) | 7 (50.00) | | Rural area or small village (%) | 11 (36.67) | 6 (37.5) | 5 (35.71) | | Household member(s) | With family member (%) | 18 (60.00) | 11 (68.75) | 10 (71.43) | ns | | None (%) | 12 (40.00) | 5 (31.25) | 4 (28.57) | | Education | Primary (%) | 3 (10.00) | 2 (12.5) | 1 (7.14) | ns | | Vocational (%) | 12 (40.00) | 5 (31.25) | 7 (50.00) | | Secondary (%) | 7 (23.33) | 3 (18.75) | 4 (28.57) | | University (%) | 8 (26.67) | 6 (37.5) | 2 (14.28) | | Systemic diseases | Hypertension (%) | 21 (70.00) | 13 (81.25) | 9 (64.29) | ns | | Diabetes (%) | 8 (26.67) | 4 (25.00) | 4 (28.57) | | Epilepsy (%) | 4 (13.33) | 2 (12.5) | 1 (7.14) | | Arteriosclerosis (%) | 7 (23.33) | 3 (18.75) | 4 (28.57) | | Gout (%) | 1 (3.33) | 1 (6.25) | 1 (7.14) | | Limb thrombosis (%) | 2 (6.67) | 2 (12.5) | 0 (0.00) | | Atrial fibrillation (%) | 3 (10.00) | 1 (6.25) | 3 (21.43) | | Medications | <5 drugs/day (%) | 10 (33.33) | 7 (43.75) | 5 (35.71) | ns | | ≥5 drugs/day (%) | 20 (66.67) | 9 (56.25) | 9 (64.29) | | Type of stroke | Hemorrhagic (%) | — | 3 (18.75) | 3 (21.43) | ns | | Ischemic (%) | — | 13 (81.25) | 10 (71.43) | | Ischemic ⟶ hemorrhagic (%) | — | 0 (0.00) | 1 (7.14) | | Numbers of strokes in the patient’s life | 1 | — | 13 (81.25) | 13 (92.86) | ns | | 2 | — | 3 (18.75) | 1 (7.14) | | Cognitive and physical functional status | ACE III () | | | | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | | BI () | | | | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | | FIM () | | | | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns | | BBS () | | | | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ns |
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Abbreviations: NS: normal salivary secretion; HP: reduced salivary secretion; ns: not significant; n: number of patients; CG: control group; ACE III: Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination; BI: Barthel Index; FIM: functional independence measure; BBS: Berg Balance Scale; nd: no data; differences statistically significant at ; ; ; . |
