Oxidative Stress in Ischemic Heart Disease

Figure 3

The role of oxidative stress in the onset of atherosclerosis and the pathophysiological implications of congestive heart failure. ANG II: angiotensin II; CAD: coronary artery disease; CHF: congestive heart failure; DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; EC: endothelial cells; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; MI: myocardial infarction; NO: nitric oxide; RAAS: renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system; ROS: reactive oxygen species; SNS: sympathetic nervous system; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cells.