New Approaches to Identify Sepsis Biomarkers: The Importance of Model and Sample Source for Mass Spectrometry

Table 3

Summary of advantages and disadvantages of animal sepsis models.

	Model	Advantages	Disadvantages
Nonsurgical	Exogenous molecules	(i) Normalisation of the injected dose and route of administration; (ii) Reproduces myocardial alterations	(i) Different cytokinetics; (ii) Does not reflect the complexity of human pathophysiological responses
	Bacteria	(i) Normalisation of bacteria dose; (ii) Production of different infectious sites	(i) Brutal injection of bacteria; (ii) Poorly reproduces the response caused by sepsis
	Caecal slurry	(i) Simple to achieve; (ii) Standardisation of the injected dose and route of administration; (iii) Reproducible; (iv) Similar response to human sepsis	(i) Lack of hindsight on this model; (ii) Model exceedingly difficult to implement
Surgical	Implantation	(i) Controllable and reproducible model; (ii) Progressive systemic diffusion; (iii) Limited death incidence	(i) One bacterial strain used; (ii) Complicated model to set up
	CLP	(i) Improved clinical relevance; (ii) Severity variable according to needle diameter, number of punctures and length of ligated caecum	(i) Develops acute sepsis or intra-abdominal abscess; (ii) Not controllable; (iii) Dependent on experimenter; (iv) Not very reproducible; (v) Long to set up
	CASP	(i) Adjustable sepsis severity according to the diameter of the stent	(i) Continuous bacterial release; (ii) Dependent on experimenter; (iii) Long to set up
	CLI	(i) Polymicrobial model of sepsis; (ii) Progressive systemic diffusion	(i) High death incidence; (ii) Dependent on experimenter; (iii) Poorly reproducible; (iv) Long to set up

Adapted from the work of Murando et al. [50]. CLP: caecal ligation and puncture; CLI: caecal ligation and incision; CASP: colon ascendant stent peritonitis.