Combination of Dichloroacetate and Atorvastatin Regulates Excessive Proliferation and Oxidative Stress in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Development via p38 Signaling

Figure 4

Dichloroacetate and atorvastatin regulated mitochondrial alterations in PASMCs. (a) Mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) evaluated using the JC-1 probe. (b) Cytosolic ROS production detected using the DHE fluorescence probe. (c) Mitochondrial superoxide expressed by MitoSOX fluorescence probe. (d–f) Semiquantitation of MMP (d), cytosolic reactive oxygen species (e), and mitochondrial superoxide (f) (). and indicate and , respectively, comparing the control group; ^## and ^### indicate and , respectively, comparing the PDGF group. ^& and ^&& indicate and , PDGF+ATO compared with PDGF+DCA+ATO. Scale bars: 200 μm.