Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning Reduces Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Open Surgical Lower Limb Revascularisation: A Randomised Trial

Table 2

Changes in kidney and oxidative stress biomarkers from baseline to 24 hours after surgery in the RIPC and sham groups.

	RIPC ()			Sham ()			RIPC vs. Sham; value
	Baseline	24 h after surgery	value	Baseline	24 h after surgery	value
Serum creatinine (μmol/L)	80 (68−88)	74 (64−88)	0.030	79 (69−85)	88 (71-95)	0.024	0.003
eGFR (mL/min/1.73m^2)	84 (75−93)	89 (81−98)	0.037	82 (70-95)	75 (59−92)	0.016	0.005
Serum urea (mmol/L)	5.2 (4.4−6.2)	4.7 (4.1−6.1)	0.222	5.3 (4.0−6.9)	5.8 (4.2−7.6)	0.075	0.041
Serum cystatin C (mg/L)	1.1 (0.9−1.2)	0.9 (0.8−1.0)	0.0002	1.2 (1.0−1.4)	1.2 (1.0−1.4)	0.690	0.022
Serum beta-2 microglobulin (μg/L)	2195 (1820−3005)	2000 (1775−2520)	0.184	2215 (2010−2850)	2720 (2100−3325)	0.062	0.033
Serum NGAL (ng/mL)	79 (68−94)	100 (82−118)	<0.0001	82 (71−106)	106 (80−166)	<0.0001	0.407
Urinary KIM-1 (pg/mL)	1343 (871-2046)	2689 (1324-4793)	0.001	1428 (776-2352)	3025 (1185-4629)	0.006	0.935
Urinary L-FABP (ng/mL)	1.2 (0.9-1.8)	1.2 (0.9-1.4)	0.640	1.0 (0.9-1.4)	1.0 (0.9-1.6)	0.814	0.710
Serum adiponectin (ng/mL)	5712 (3037−9063)	5179 (2651−7214)	<0.0001	5129 (2708−7244)	4697 (2604−6431)	<0.0001	0.744
Serum IL-18 (pg/mL)	294 (229−388)	277 (236−365)	<0.0001	292 (236−371)	265 (230−359)	<0.0001	0.794
Serum oxLDL (U/L)	67 (55−84)	52 (44−67)	<0.0001	60 (49−74)	47 (40−59)	<0.0001	0.942
Serum hs-CRP	3.5 (1.4-13.5)	43.9 (18.5-77.9)	<0.0001	3.9 (2.5-8.0)	62.1 (29.8-80.9)	<0.0001	0.209
Urinary isoprostanes/creatinine (ng/mmol)	40 (34-52)	45 (39-60)	0.002	54 (43-64)	51 (33-63)	0.504	0.039

eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; oxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule 1; L-FABP: liver-type fatty acid binding protein.