Clinical Study
Remote Ischaemic Preconditioning Reduces Kidney Injury Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Open Surgical Lower Limb Revascularisation: A Randomised Trial
Table 2
Changes in kidney and oxidative stress biomarkers from baseline to 24 hours after surgery in the RIPC and sham groups.
| | RIPC () | Sham () | RIPC vs. Sham value | Baseline | 24 h after surgery | value | Baseline | 24 h after surgery | value |
| Serum creatinine (μmol/L) | 80 (68−88) | 74 (64−88) | 0.030 | 79 (69−85) | 88 (71-95) | 0.024 | 0.003 | eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 84 (75−93) | 89 (81−98) | 0.037 | 82 (70-95) | 75 (59−92) | 0.016 | 0.005 | Serum urea (mmol/L) | 5.2 (4.4−6.2) | 4.7 (4.1−6.1) | 0.222 | 5.3 (4.0−6.9) | 5.8 (4.2−7.6) | 0.075 | 0.041 | Serum cystatin C (mg/L) | 1.1 (0.9−1.2) | 0.9 (0.8−1.0) | 0.0002 | 1.2 (1.0−1.4) | 1.2 (1.0−1.4) | 0.690 | 0.022 | Serum beta-2 microglobulin (μg/L) | 2195 (1820−3005) | 2000 (1775−2520) | 0.184 | 2215 (2010−2850) | 2720 (2100−3325) | 0.062 | 0.033 | Serum NGAL (ng/mL) | 79 (68−94) | 100 (82−118) | <0.0001 | 82 (71−106) | 106 (80−166) | <0.0001 | 0.407 | Urinary KIM-1 (pg/mL) | 1343 (871-2046) | 2689 (1324-4793) | 0.001 | 1428 (776-2352) | 3025 (1185-4629) | 0.006 | 0.935 | Urinary L-FABP (ng/mL) | 1.2 (0.9-1.8) | 1.2 (0.9-1.4) | 0.640 | 1.0 (0.9-1.4) | 1.0 (0.9-1.6) | 0.814 | 0.710 | Serum adiponectin (ng/mL) | 5712 (3037−9063) | 5179 (2651−7214) | <0.0001 | 5129 (2708−7244) | 4697 (2604−6431) | <0.0001 | 0.744 | Serum IL-18 (pg/mL) | 294 (229−388) | 277 (236−365) | <0.0001 | 292 (236−371) | 265 (230−359) | <0.0001 | 0.794 | Serum oxLDL (U/L) | 67 (55−84) | 52 (44−67) | <0.0001 | 60 (49−74) | 47 (40−59) | <0.0001 | 0.942 | Serum hs-CRP | 3.5 (1.4-13.5) | 43.9 (18.5-77.9) | <0.0001 | 3.9 (2.5-8.0) | 62.1 (29.8-80.9) | <0.0001 | 0.209 | Urinary isoprostanes/creatinine (ng/mmol) | 40 (34-52) | 45 (39-60) | 0.002 | 54 (43-64) | 51 (33-63) | 0.504 | 0.039 |
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eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; NGAL: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; oxLDL: oxidized low-density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; KIM-1: kidney injury molecule 1; L-FABP: liver-type fatty acid binding protein.
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