| Cell | Effect | Role |
| B cells | Proinflammatory | Antibody production, antigen presentation to T cells, cytokine production Participate in the adaptive immune response [25, 43, 45, 46] | CD4+ T cells | Proinflammatory | Recognize and proliferate in response to autoantigens, cytokine production, drive the inflammatory process [22, 26] | CD8+ T cells | Proinflammatory | Recognize and proliferate in response to foreign/self-antigens, target cell cytotoxicity, main T cell type present in MS lesions [24, 26, 32] | CNS dendritic cells | Proinflammatory | Involved in (re)presentation of MS autoantigens to active T cells [61ā63] | Macrophage (M1) | Proinflammatory | Activated in response to T cell infiltration, phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells, production of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and nitric oxide, increase neuropathy, represent the majority of macrophages in active MS [48, 66] | Macrophage (M2) | Anti-inflammatory | Phagocytosis, antigen presentation to T cells, production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, involved in repair mechanisms, low numbers found deep inside MS lesions [66] | Microglia | Both | CNS surveillance and host defense, activated in MS lesions, production of cytokines, roles in tissue damage and repair, but differential roles to infiltrating macrophages not well understood [48, 52, 56, 58, 67, 71] | T helper (Th17) cells | Proinflammatory | Significant initiator of inflammation in CNS [64] | Tregs | Anti-inflammatory | Suppress autoimmunity, low expression in MS brain tissue [37, 38, 41, 42] |
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