The Great Healing Potential Hidden in Plant Preparations of Antioxidant Properties: A Return to Nature?

Table 4

The protective effects of plant preparations against carcinogens.

Reference	Plant preparation, dose, way and time of treatment, and animals	The carcinogen, dose, way and time of exposure, and negative effects	Protective effects of plant preparation	Effects of plant per se
Bingül et al. [89]	Vaccinium corymbosum L. blueberries homogenate added to diet 8% () and given to rats for 16 weeks; Male Wistar rats, 200-250 g	Diethylnitrosamine 200 mg/kg, i.p., at 4^th, 6^th and 8^th week of the experiment; Serum: ALT, AST, LDH ↑; Liver: MDA, DC, PC, GSH, GST ↑, SOD, CAT, GPx ↓; Liver: relative mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, GPx ↓, of GST-pi ↑	Serum: ALT (++), AST (+++), LDH (↓); Liver: GPx, GSH, GST, SOD, CAT (+), PC (++), MDA (+++), DC (↓); Liver: relative mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, GPx (0), of GST-pi (++)	None
Khan et al. [88]	Phoenix dactylifera L. (Aiwa dates) water extract; 0.5 or 1.0 g/kg b.w., daily for 10 weeks, starting on the next day after diethylnitrosamine; Male Wistar rats, 5-6-week-old, 100-120 g	Diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, two doses; 180 mg/kg b.w. at 15 days interval, p.o.; Serum: ALT, AST, ALP, IL-1α, IL-1β, GM-CSF, MDA ↑, SOD, GR, GPx, CAT, IL-2, IL-12, IL-4 ↓	0.5 g/kg b.w.: Serum: CAT, MDA, IL-1β (-), IL-4 (0), IL-2 (+), SOD, GR, GM-CSF, ALP (++), ALT, AST, GPx, IL-1α, IL-12 (+++); 1.0 g/kg b.w.: Serum: IL-4, CAT (0), ALP, MDA, AST, IL-1α (↓), SOD, GR, IL-β, GM-CSF, IL-2 (++), ALT (+++), GPx, IL-12 (↑)	Not studied
Choi et al. [46]	Centella asiatica leaf; (Martin Bauer GmbH & Co. KG, Vestenbergsgreuth, Germany) 75% ethanol extract; 100 or 200 mg/kg, p.o., daily for 5 days following carcinogen; Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 6-week-old, 180-200 g	Dimethylnitrosamine-induced liver injury 30 mg/kg, i.p.; Serum: AST, ALT, ALP, total bilirubin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, IL-10, IL-12, IL-2, GM-CSF ↑; Liver: fibrosis, intralobular degeneration, focal necrosis,; MDA ↑, GPx, SOD, CAT ↓	Serum: AST, INF-γ (↓ both doses), IL-10 (++ 100, 0 200), IL-12 (++ 100, + 200), total bilirubin, ALT (+ 100, ++ 200), ALP (++ 100, +++ 200), IL-12 (+++ 100, ++ 200), TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, GM-CSF (+++ both doses); Liver: SOD, CAT and fibrosis (+ 100, ++ 200), GPx (++ 100, +++ 200), intralobular degeneration and focal necrosis (++ both doses), MDA (+++ 100, ↓ 200)	Not studied
Kiziltas et al. [47]	Ferulago angulata flowers 80% methanol extract; 150 or 300 mg/kg b.w., p.o., daily, for 21 days; Male Wistar rats, 4-week-old, about 200 g	N-Nitrosodimethylamine (dimethylnitrosamine)-induced oxidative stress, 10 mg/kg b.w., i.p., for the first 7 days; Liver: SOD, GPx, CAT ↓	Liver: SOD (+ 150, ++ 300), GPx, CAT (++ both doses)	Both doses: Liver: CAT ↓
Rouhollahi et al. [90]	Curcuma purpurascens BI. rhizome dichloromethane extract; 250 or 500 mg/kg, p.o., once a day for 2 months, after azoxymethane; Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 6 weeks, 200–220 g	Azoxymethane-induced aberrant crypt foci; 15 mg/kg, s.c., once a week for 2 consecutive weeks; Colon: CAT, GPx, SOD ↓, aberrant crypt foci formation and MDA ↑	Colon: aberrant crypt foci formation, MDA, CAT (++ both doses), GPx and SOD (++ 250, +++ 500)	Not studied

↓: a decrease vs. control; ↑: an increase vs. control; (+): a slight beneficial effect; (++): a distinct beneficial effect; (+++): a complete beneficial effect; (0): no beneficial effect; (-): intensification of the harmful effect.