The Great Healing Potential Hidden in Plant Preparations of Antioxidant Properties: A Return to Nature?

Table 6

The protective effects of plant substances against toxicity of antipyretic and analgesic drugs.

Reference	Plant preparation, dose, way and time of treatment, and animals	The name of drug, dose, way and time of exposure, and negative effects	Protective effects of plant preparation	Effects of plant per se
Bouzenna et al. [21]	Pinus halepensis L. needles essential oil; Pretreatment, 1% (), with a dose of 1 mL/kg, p.o., for 56 days; Female Wistar rats, 150-200 g	Aspirin-induced liver and kidney damage; 600 mg/kg thrice a day for 4 days, p.o.; Weight: body, liver, kidney ↓; Serum: glucose, TC, AST, ALT, LDH, CR, urea ↑; Liver: TBARS ↑, SOD, CAT, GPx ↓; Kidney: TBARS ↑, SOD, CAT, GPx ↓	Weight: body, liver, kidney (+++); Serum: glucose, TC, AST, ALT, LDH, CR, urea (+++); Liver: TBARS, SOD, CAT, GPx (+++); Kidney: TBARS, SOD, CAT, GPx (+++)	None
Ahmad and Zeb [18]	Trifolium repens leaf water extract; 11 mg of solid weight/mL; 1, 2, or 3 mL of extract per day for 2 weeks; Male albino mice about 28.6 g	Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity 300 mg/kg for 2 weeks; Serum: TC, TG, LDL-c, ALT, AST, ALP, glucose ↑, HDL-c ↓; Blood: RBC, HGB, HCT, PLT ↓, WBC ↑; Liver: TBARS ↑, GSH ↓	1 mL: Serum: ALP, glucose (0), TC, TG (+), HDL-c, ALT, AST (++), LDL-c (+++); Blood: PLT (0), HCT (+), WBC (++), RBC, HGB (+++); Liver: GSH (+), TBARS (++); 2 mL: Serum: TC (+), ALT, AST, ALP, TG, HDL-c, glucose (++), LDL-cholesterol (+++); Blood: PLT (+), RBC, HGB, HCT, WBC (+++); Liver: GSH, TBARS (++); 3 mL: Serum: HDL-c (0), TC, AST, ALT, AST (++), glucose, LDL-c (+++); Blood: PLT, RBC, HGB, HCT, WBC (+++); Liver: TBARS, GSH (++)	Studied only for the 1 mL dose; Serum: TC ↓, HDL-c ↑
Azim et al. [19]	Moringa peregrina leaves; 70% ethanol extract; 200 mg/kg b.w. p.o., one hour prior to acetaminophen, for 4 weeks; Female albino rats, about 160 g	Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity 750 mg/kg b.w., p.o.; Serum: ALT, AST, ALP, GGT ↑; Blood: GSH, CAT, SOD ↓, MDA ↑; Liver: GSH, CAT, SOD ↓, GPx, MDA ↑; Brain: GSH, SOD ↓, GPx and MDA ↑	Serum: ALT, ALP (++), AST, GGT (+++); Blood: GSH, CAT, SOD, MDA (+++); Liver: GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx, MDA (+++); Brain: GPx, MDA (++), GSH, SOD (+++)	Not studied
Mishra et al. [97]	Pandanus odoratissimus root ethanolic extract; 200 or 400 mg/kg b.w., p.o., once a day for 7 days; Wistar rats 180-200 g	Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity; 2 g/kg b.w., p.o., on the 5^th day; Serum: AST, ALT, ALP, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, TG ↑	Serum: ALT, AST, ALP, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, TG (++); The protective effect was better for the higher dose.	Not studied
Rashid et al. [40]	Fagonia olivieri DC. aerial parts; 95% methanolic extract; 200 and 400 mg/kg, i.g., for 7 days; Male Sprague-Dawley rats, 6-week-old, 180-200 g	Acetaminophen-induced toxicity; 750 mg/kg for 7 days, i.g.; Serum: AST, ALT, ALP, LDH, total bilirubin, cholesterol, TG, HDL, LDL ↑; Blood: HGB, WBC ↓, PLT ↑; Liver: weight, CAT, SOD, GPx, GR, GSH and TP ↓, DNA fragmentation and TBARS ↑	Serum: AST, ALT, LDH, LDL (++) both doses, ALP, total bilirubin, TG, HDL (++ 200, +++ 400), cholesterol (+++ 200, 400 ↓); Blood: HGB (++ both doses), WBC (+++ both doses), PLT (+++ 200, ↑ 400); Liver: TP (0 200, ++ 400),; DNA fragmentation, SOD, GR, GSH, TBARS (++ both doses), weight, CAT, GPx (++ 200, +++ 400)	400 mg/kg studied only; Serum: TG, HDL, cholesterol ↓; Blood: WBC ↑, HGB ↓; Liver: TBARS ↓
Ebada [95]	Chamomilla recutita L. (chamomile) and Cuminum cyminum L. (green cumin) essential oils; (Hashem Brothers for Essential Oils and Aromatic products); Pretreatment p.o., for 14 days, 400 mg/kg/day (cumin), 250 mg/kg/day (chamomile); Male Wistar rats, 180-200 g	Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity; 1 g/kg p.o., a single dose on the 14^th day; Serum: ALT and AST ↑; Liver: GSH ↓, MDA and SOD ↑; Liver histopathology: hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation, degeneration, dilated central vein, hemorrhage ↑	Cumin essential oil: Serum: ALT and AST (+++); Liver: GSH (0), MDA (-) and SOD (0); Liver histopathology: hepatocyte necrosis, inflammation, degeneration, dilated central vein, hemorrhage (++); Chamomile essential oil: Serum: ALT (++) and AST (0); Liver: MDA (-), GSH, SOD (++); Liver histopathology: hepatocyte necrosis, hemorrhage inflammation, dilated central vein, degeneration (+)	Not studied
Baali et al. [20]	Rich-polyphenol (n-butanol) fractions of 80% methanolic extract of Genista quadriflora Munby and 70% methanolic extract of Teucrium polium geyrii Maire; Pretreatment; 300 mg/kg daily, p.o., for 10 days; Male Wistar rats, about 142 g	Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity; A single dose of 1 g/kg, p.o.; Plasma: AST, ALT ↑; Liver: SOD, GPx, GR, GSH, GST ↓, CYP2E1, TBARS and mRNA of TNF-α expression ↑; Liver mitochondria: CS and respiratory chain complexes I and II ↓	Genista quadriflora; Plasma: AST, ALT (+++); Liver: SOD, GPx, GSH, GST, TBARS, CYP2E1 and mRNA of TNF-α expression (+++), GR ↑; Liver mitochondria: CS and respiratory chain complex I (+++), respiratory chain complex II ↑; Teucrium polium geyrii; Plasma: AST, ALT (+++); Liver: SOD, GPx, GSH, GST, TBARS, CYP2E1 and mRNA of TNF-α expression (+++), GR ↑; Liver mitochondria: CS (+++), respiratory chain complexes I and II ↑	Not studied
Uthaya Kumar et al. [96]	Cassia surattensis seed methanol extract; Pretreatment 250 or 500 mg/kg b.w., p.o., once daily for 7 days; Male Swiss albino mice, 6-8-week-old, 25-30 g	Paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity; A single dose of 1 g/kg b.w., p.o.; Relative liver weight: ↑; Serum: ALT, AST, ALP ↑; Liver: GSH, SOD ↓, MDA ↑	Relative liver weight: (+++ both doses); Serum: ALT, AST, ALP (++ both doses); Liver: MDA and GSH (++ 250, +++ 500), SOD (++ 250, ↑ 500)	Not studied
Chinnappan et al. [22]	Eurycoma longifolia root water extract Physta® (Biotropics Malaysia); 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o., 1 hour before paracetamol, for 14 days; Male Wistar rats, 12-week-old, 120-150 g	Paracetamol-induced nephrotoxicity; 200 mg/kg daily for 14 days, i.p.; Serum: TP, ALB ↓, creatinine ↑; Blood: urea ↑; Creatinine clearance: ↓	100 mg/kg: Serum: ALB, creatinine (0), TP (+); Blood: urea and (0); Creatinine clearance: (0); 200 and 400 mg/kg: Serum: TP, ALB, creatinine (+++); Blood: urea (+++); Creatinine clearance: (+++)	Not studied

↓: a decrease vs. control; ↑: an increase vs. control; (+): a slight beneficial effect; (++): a distinct beneficial effect; (+++): a complete beneficial effect; (0): no beneficial effect; (-): intensification of the harmful effect.