The Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)

Table 3

Literatures on the treatments of ASD linked to GIT microbiota.

Model	Behavior tests	Treatments	Dosages	Time	Effects	Limitations	Year	References
10 autistic children, 9 nonautistic siblings, 10 control	CARS and ADI	Probiotic including Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria and Streptococci	One pill three times a day	4 months	Increased abundance of the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes, normalized the amount of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus can decrease the TNFα levels in the autistic children.	No follow-up was performed after treatment	2015	[90]
A 12-years-old boy with ASD, severe cognitive disability	ADOS-2	Probiotic (lyophilized bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, and Streptococci)		4 weeks	Reduced GIT symptoms and improved in dominating autistic symptoms	More well-designed studies with a larger sample size are needed to offer more proofs supporting the feasibility of it.	2016	[91]
3 autistic child, 3 nonautistic children	N/A	Prebiotic: galactooligosaccharide and B-GOS	2 g	Everyday	Increased abundance of Bifidobacterium spp, acetate, and butyrate	It is in an in vitro gut model system	2017	[92]
18 autistic children	PGI-III and CARS	Microbiota transfer therapy (MTT)	Vancomycin (40 mg/kg per day)	2 weeks	Improved both GIT and ASD-related symptoms; normalized the microbiota of autistic children	No placebo controlled, blinded or randomized	2017	[93]
ASD animal model	Self-grooming evaluation, three chambers social test	Ketogenic diet	N/A	2 weeks	Prevention of autism symptoms	The ketosis and glucose levels were not measured	2016	[94]
C57BL/6 and BTBR mice	Three-chamber sociability test et al.	Ketogenic diet	N/A	2 weeks	Decreased all host bacterial abundance in cecal and fecal matter	N/A	2016	[95]

Note: N/A: not applicable, i.e., the lack of data in a form or table. The data are from the references 90–95. CARS: The Childhood Autism Rating Scale; ADI: Autism Diagnostic Interview; ADOS-2: Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-2; GI-III: The Parent Global Impressions III.