Molecular Mechanisms Linking Oxidative Stress and Diabetes Mellitus

Figure 2

Oxidative stress impairs insulin signaling pathways by several molecular pathways. IST: insulin signal transduction; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1; IKK-β: inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa B; GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase 3; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; p38 MAPK: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases.