Pharmacological Modulation of Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction

Table 1

Summary of pharmacological therapies against adverse post-MI cardiac remodeling.

Drug/target	Mechanism of action	Drug application phase	References
β-AR blockers	Prevent β-ARs/desensitization	Clinical	[86, 87, 89, 90]
ACE inhibitors	Inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme	Clinical	[95, 97, 98]
AR blockers	Inhibit angiotensin receptor/desensitization	Clinical	[25, 99, 100]
Anti-inflammatory agents	Resistance to an excessive inflammatory response	Clinical	[106, 107, 110, 115]
Probiotics	Regulate gut microbiota	Preclinical	[126, 127, 130, 131]
Antibiotics	Inhibit matrix metalloproteinase/opening mPTP	Clinical	[132–134, 136]
Circadian rhythm regulators	Control cell fate/modulate oxidant stress	Preclinical	[117, 118, 120]
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs)	Reduced the cardiac fibrosis/regulating the autophagy signaling	Preclinical	[121–123, 125]