Oxidative, Reductive, and Nitrosative Stress Effects on Epigenetics and on Posttranslational Modification of Enzymes in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Figure 1

Mechanisms and levels at which oxidative, reductive, and nitrosative stress produce cell damage. Mechanisms (in red) include the direct action on DNA and on proteins. The levels at which oxidative, reductive, and nitrosative stress act (in green) include epigenetic regulation, posttranscriptional regulation, and posttranslational regulation.