Oxidative, Reductive, and Nitrosative Stress Effects on Epigenetics and on Posttranslational Modification of Enzymes in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Figure 3

H₂S as a means for generating H₂O₂ thus altering cell signaling processes and activating transcription factors such as the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates the expression of antioxidant proteins. Abbreviations: CSE: cystathionine gamma-lyase; CBS: cystathionine β-synthase; 3MST: 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase; H₂S: sulfhydric acid; O₂^-: superoxide; SOD: superoxide dismutase; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GR: glutathione reductase; GSH: glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; NO: nitric oxide; ONOO^-: peroxynitrite.