Oxidative, Reductive, and Nitrosative Stress Effects on Epigenetics and on Posttranslational Modification of Enzymes in Cardiometabolic Diseases

Table 2

Establishment of new nonclassical epigenetic cues by OS, RS, and NSS.

Type of stress	Mechanism	Effect
OS	Formation of AGEs and advanced lipoxidation end products	Elevated cross-linking which could act as an epigenetic cue [149–153]
	Carbonylation	Loss of histones that leads to increased transcription [154–156]
RS	Alterations in GSH metabolism	Decreased nucleosome stability that facilitates gene expression and DNA replication [157–159]
NSS	Nitration of tyrosine residues	Protection of DNA against oxidative damage [160, 161]

OS: oxidative stress; RS: reductive stress; NSS: nitrosative stress; AGEs: advanced glycation end products; GSH: glutathione.