Multiple Roles of 25-Hydroxycholesterol in Lipid Metabolism, Antivirus Process, Inflammatory Response, and Cell Survival

Figure 2

The regulation of CH25H expression. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, Ch25h is induced via a TLR4/IRF3/IFN-β/STAT1 signaling pathway. In addition, anti-inflammatory transcriptional factor KLF4 transactivates Ch25h in vascular endothelial cells. On the contrary, transcriptional factor ATF3 represses Ch25h transcription via directly binding to the Ch25h promotor. Furthermore, in hepatocytes and peritoneal macrophages, 25-HC induces CH25H expression in an LXR-dependent manner. Inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 can also promote CH25H expression through the STAT1 transcription factor in virus-infected human macrophages (not shown).