Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on Intervertebral Disc Degeneration In Vivo and In Vitro: A Critical Review

Table 2

In vivo effects of PRP in IVD degeneration animal models.

(a)

Year	Study	Animal model	Dose	Size of sample	Time of analysis after injection
2007	Nagae et al. [35]	Rabbits, nucleotomy	20 μl	36	2, 4, and 8 weeks
2009	Kazuhide et al. [34]	Rabbits, nucleotomy	20 μl	128	2, 4, and 8 weeks
2009	Chen et al. [20]	Miniature porcine, chymopapain	No mention	14	4 and 8 weeks
2011	GB et al. [36]	Rats, needle puncture	100 μl	18	2, 4, and 6 weeks
2012	Obata et al. [37]	Rabbits, needle puncture	20 μl	12	8 weeks
2015	Gui et al. [38]	Rabbits, needle puncture	100 μl	36	2 weeks
2016	Wang et al. [39]	Rabbits, needle puncture	200 μl	40	1, 2, and 8 weeks
2016	Yang et al. [22]	Rabbits, needle puncture	15 μl	24	0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks
2016	Hou et al. [40]	Rabbits	40 μl	60	4 and 8 weeks

(b)

Injection site	Activator	Results
Lumbar	None	PRP+GHM group decreased IDD and increased PG; PRP+PBS group showed no differences
Lumbar	None	PRP+GHM had greater DHI, water content, AGN, and COL II mRNA↑; fewer apoptotic cells in NP
Thoracic lumbar	None	PRP promote DHI and osteogenic MSC differentiation
Lumbar	None	Preserved IVD fluid content, decreased IVD degeneration
Lumbar	Autologous serum and 2 % CaCl2	Increased cell proliferation, no statistical differences on MRI findings
Lumbar	0.06 ml thrombin	DHI maintained, NP signal intensity maintained; significantly low MRI grading
Lumbar	None	PRP moderate effect on MRI, DHI PRP +BMSC: well-preserved ECM, cell density, increased T2 signal intensity, MRi grading, and expression of COL II
Lumbar	100 U thrombin + 10% CaCl2	T2 signal intensity: PRP > control or PRP+TGF-β inhibitor; histology: PRP-less degeneration, strong COL II staining, and Smad2/3-pathway activated
Lumbar	Thrombin+CaCl2	COL II and PG staining and MRI grade PRP + BMP2 – BMSC > PRP + BMSC > PRP

Abbreviations: ACT: activation; AGN: aggrecan; BMSC: bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell; BMP2: bone morphogenetic protein 2; COL II: type II collagen; ECM: extracellular matrix; GHM: gelatin hydrogel microsphere; IVD: intervertebral disc; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; PG: proteoglycan; PRP: platelet-rich plasma; DHI: disc height index.