| Categories | Molecules |
| Extracellular molecules and signaling pathways | Cytokines & growth factors | IL-1β, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ, CNTF, EGF, Sonic hedgehog (SHH) [32, 70, 71] | Neurodegeneration-associated molecules | Amyloid-beta, α-synuclein [6] | Transmitters | Glutamate, noradrenalin [72] | Oxidative stress molecules | NO, ROS [73] | Immune-related molecules | LPS, Toll-like receptor ligands [74] | Hormones | Estrogens, glucocorticoids [75] | Intrinsic molecules in reactive astrocytes | Signal transducers | STAT3, NFκB, JAK2, MAPK, SOX9, mTOR, c-JUN, Olig2, SOC3, PKA, PKC [31, 57] | Receptors | EGFR, cannabinoid-2 receptor (CB2R), CD36 [76, 77] | MicroRNAs | miR-21, miR-140, miR-145, miR-17 [65, 78–80] |
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