Blueberry Extracts as a Novel Approach to Prevent Ozone-Induced Cutaneous Inflammasome Activation

Figure 2

Effect of blueberry (BB) extract on ozone modulation of keratinocytes migration, proliferation, and ROS production. (a) Scratch was performed on confluent monolayer of HaCaT cells, and pictures were taken to measure wound area at different time points (0-18-36 h). On the left, depiction of the wound after 0, 18, and 36 h. On the right, quantification of the wound area at each time point via ImageJ. Data are shown as percent of 0 h. (b) Representative depiction of migration experiment performed on HaCaT cells, scale bar 200 μm. Cells were seeded in 8 μm pore size transwells, exposed to O₃, and incubated for 0, 3, and 6 h. After fixation, migrated cells were stained with 0.02% Coomassie Blue. On the right, ImageJ quantification of the migrated cells after 0, 3, and 6 h from O₃ exposure. Data are shown as average of 6 picture fields (20x magnification). (c) The growth response of HaCaT cells pretreated with BB was assessed after 24 h after O₃ exposure by BrdU incorporation. (d) H₂O₂ production was evaluated via DCF after 1 h upon O₃ exposure (1 h at 0.5 ppm) in HaCaT cells pretreated with BB. Data are the results of three independent experiments. air vs. O₃, ^§ O₃ vs. BBO₃ by one-way or two-way ANOVA.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)