Activity Sources Test system Dose tested Positive value Results Ref. Antioxidant Ethyl acetate extract (leaves) DPPH BHT Moderate potential [40 ] Ethanol extract (leaves) DPPH DPPH, Vitamin C ↑ antioxidant activity due to the presence of high levels of polyphenolic compounds [45 ] Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts (aerial parts) DPPH2+ ) Not studied ↑ antioxidant activity [23 ] Anti-inflammatory Ethanol extract (leaves) Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages in vitro μ g/mLL-NAME ↑ NF-κ B, ↑ Nrf2/HO-1 [45 ] Hydroalcoholic extract (roots) Carrageenan-induced paw edema model rats and xylene-induced ear edema mice in vivo Nalbuphine ↓oedema formation [46 ] Antimicrobial Methanol extract (leaves) Disc diffusion assay in vitro Kanamycin Moderate antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus , Candida albicans , Aspergillus niger , and Vibrio parahemolyticus [36 ] Hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and methanol extracts (aerial parts) and essential oil Disc diffusion assay in vitro Tetracycline Potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli , methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Enterococcus faecalis , with the exception of methanolic extract [23 ] Cytotoxicity Hydromethanolic extract (leaves) Brine shrimp lethality bioassay in vitro Vincristine sulphate Moderate cytotoxic effect [40 ] Methanol extract (whole plant) Triton-X 100 (480 mg/kg, i.p.) induced hyperlipidemic rat model in vivo Vincristine sulphate ↑cytotoxicity [36 ] Triton-X 100 ↓triglycerides, ↓LDL-C Antidiarrheal Hydroalcoholic extract (roots) Castor oil-induced diarrhea mice model in vivo 250 and 500 mg/kg b.w., i.p. Loperamide ↓number of stools [46 ] Anthelmintic Methanol extract (leaves) Pheritima posthuman in vivo Albendazole ↑paralysis, ↑worm death, especially at 100 mg/ml [61 ] Extract (leaves) Hymenolepis diminuta rat model in vivo Praziquantel ↓eggs per gram of feces [12 ] Antidiabetic Hydroalcoholic extract (stem) Dexamethasone 10 mg/kg s.c. induced diabetes rats in vivo ↑antidiabetic activity [63 ] Antihyperlipidemic Methanol extract (leaves) Cholestero,l 100 mg/kg p.o, induced hyperlipidemic rat model in vivo Cholesterol ↓cholesterol [3 ] Triton-X 100, 480 mg/kg, i.p. induced hyperlipidemic rat model in vivo Triton-X 100 ↓triglycerides Antinociceptive Hydroalcoholic extract (roots) Acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate-induced pain in mice in vivo Diclofenac sodium 50% writhing inhibition [46 ] Methanol extract (leaves) Acetic acid writhing method and radiant heat tail flicking method in vivo Diclofenac sodium ↓number of writhes ↑reaction time at dose 400 mg/kg [69 ] Gastroprotective Ethanol extract (leaves) Indomethacin, 5 mg/kg b.w., p.o.in vivo Development of a defensive layer; ↑free radical scavenging activity; ↓LPO [70 ] Reproductive activity Hydroalcoholic extract (rhizomes) Male rats in vivo Distilled water ↑serum testosterone [64 ]
