Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.: Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Overview of the Himalayan Ferns

Table 1

Traditional uses of D. esculentum in different regions.

Plant part	Ethno-pharmacological uses	Country	References
Fronds/leaves/areal part/whole plant	Cooked and eaten as a vegetable and in soups to maintain good health.	India, Bangladesh, Thailand	[23, 36–38]
	Tender leaves are cooked with fruit of Dillenia indica and fish and taken as vegetable.	Malaysia, India	[39, 40]
	Hairs are removed, boiled with salt and water until water is evaporated then fried and eaten as vegetable.	India	[41–45]
	Used in headache, pain, fever, wounds, dysentery, glandular swellings, diarrhea, measles, toothache, high blood pressure, and various skin infections. Fronds used by pregnant women as protection against difficult childbirth. Leaf paste is used in the wounded place externally for the cure of bone fracture. Used as a laxative. Used as insecticides.	Bangladesh, Nigeria, Indonesia, Nigeria, India, Philippines	[15–17, 19, 46–48]
	The tender frond is cooked without salt and is consumed with rice for 5–10 days for the treatment of diabetes.	India	[20]
	Eaten as highly preferred Koche Sag, Neuro/Niuro vegetable.	Nepal	[49]
	Used as vegetable and pickle.	India, Vietnam, Japan, Indonesia, Philippines	[30, 31, 50–53]
Root	About 20 g of fresh root is boiled in 1 liter of water and reduced to one-fourth of its volume. 3 mL of this decoction along with 2 mL of honey is taken orally on an empty stomach twice a day for 15 days to cure spermatorrhea.	India	[54]
	About 50 g juice obtained from macerated root is fed three times for human dysentery. Macerated root extract is also useful for the cattle dysentery.	Bangladesh	[55]
	About 2-3 spoonsful of root juice are taken for 1/2 days, or 1/½ cup of boiling extract of whole plant is taken thrice daily to treat infections and used as an antidote. The root paste is used externally for the treatment of rheumatism and smallpox. Two pills of pulverized root and honey are taken thrice daily for 2 weeks for the treatment of oligospermia.	Bangladesh	[17]
Rhizome	Decoction of rhizome used as a tonic and also used for the cure of hemoptysis and cough.	India	[39, 56]