Diplazium esculentum (Retz.) Sw.: Ethnomedicinal, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Overview of the Himalayan Ferns

Table 5

Antimicrobial activities of Diplazium esculentum.

Plant part used and solvent system	Microorganism	Antimicrobial activity	MIC (μg/mL)	MBC or MFC (μg/mL)	Reference
Aerial parts (ethanol)	Bacillus cereus; Escherichia coli; Aspergillus ochraceus; Bacillus megaterium	Moderate; Moderate; Moderate; Weak	200; 400; 400; 800	800; >800; 800; >800	[95]
Aerial parts (ethanol)	Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus cereus; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Candida albicans; Candida parapsilosis; Cryptococcus neoformans; Issatchenkia orientalis	Moderate-weak; Moderate-weak; Moderate-weak; Weak; Weak-inactive; Weak-inactive; Moderate; Good-moderate	310-630; 310-630; 310-630; 630; 630-1250; 1250-2500; 310; 80-160	NA; 1250; NA; NA; 2500; NA; 310; 160	[97]
Aerial parts (hexane)	Cryptococcus neoformans; Issatchenkia orientalis	Moderate; Good	310; 80	310; 160	[97]
Aerial parts (chloroform)	Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus cereus; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Trichophyton mentagrophytes; Candida albicans; Cryptococcus neoformans; Issatchenkia orientalis	Moderate-weak; Moderate; Moderate-weak; Weak-inactive; Weak-inactive; Weak-inactive; Moderate; Good	310-630; 310; 310-630; 630-1250; 630-1250; 630-1250; 310; 80	NA; 630; NA; NA; 1250; NA; 310; 160	[97]
Aerial parts (ethyl acetate)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cryptococcus neoformans; Issatchenkia orientalis	Weak; Moderate; Moderate	630; 310; 160	NA; 310; 310	[97]
Aerial parts (methanol)	Staphylococcus aureus; Bacillus cereus; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cryptococcus neoformans; Issatchenkia orientalis	Weak-inactive; Weak-inactive; Weak-inactive; Weak-inactive; Moderate; Moderate	630-1250; 630-1250; 630-1250; 630-1250; 310; 160	NA; 2500; NA; NA; 310; 310	[97]
Aerial parts (aqueous)	Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Cryptococcus neoformans; Issatchenkia orientalis	Weak-inactive; Moderate; Moderate	630-1250; 160-310; 160	NA; 310; 310	[97]
Leaves, rhizomes, and roots (aqueous and alcoholic)	Escherichia coli; Salmonella arizonae; Salmonella typhi; Staphylococcus aureus		-; -; -; -		[96]
Leaves (methanol)	Salmonella paratyphi; Vibrio parahemolyticus; Escherichia coli; Bacillus megaterium; Shigella dysenteriae; Shigella boydii		-; -; -; -; -; -		[98]

MBC: minimum bactericidal concentration; MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration; MFC: minimum fungal concentration; NA: no activity; “-”: not tested. Antimicrobial activity was considered good (MIC less than 100 μg/mL), moderate (MIC from 100 to 500 μg/mL), and weak (MIC from 500 to 1000 μg/mL). Only zone inhibition test was performed.