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Stingless bee species | Type of extract or isolated compound | Cell lineage | Assays | Types of cell death | Mechanisms of action | References |
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Trigona sp. | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % | Human colon adenocarcinomas (HT-29 and Caco-2) Murine melanoma (B16F1) | Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [56] |
Melipona orbignyi | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % | Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necrosis | NS | [58] |
Tetragonisca fiebrigi | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % | Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necrosis and apoptosis | NS | [55] |
Trigona incisa | Methanolic Fractioned (ethyl acetate and hexane) | Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) | Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [100] |
Scaptotrigona depilis Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % | Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necrosis and apoptosis | NS | [36] |
Plebeia droryana | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 80/20 % | Human leukemia (K562) | Flow cytometer | Necroptosis and apoptosis | Activation of RIPK1 and increased caspase 3 | [77] |
Trigona incisa | Cardol (5-pentadecyl resorcinol) | Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620) | Caspase activity, mitochondrial membrane potential, Western blotting | Apoptosis | Increased activity of caspases 3 and 9, PARP cleavage Mitochondrial depolarization ROS increase Partial reversal of apoptosis with NAC | [71] |
Scaptotrigona bipunctata Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % | Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28) | Flow cytometer Western blotting | Apoptosis | ROS increase Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential Decrease in BLC-2 | [57] |
Heterotrigona itama | Ethanolic | Human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) | Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [73] |
Tetragonula biroi | Ethanolic | Gastric cancer (AGS, MKN-45, NUGC-4) | Flow cytometer qRT-PCR TUNEL assay | Apoptosis | Positive modulation of BAX and BAD transcription and negative modulation of BCL2L1 and BCL-2 | [16] |
Trigona spp. | Hydroethanolic Ethanol/water 70/30 % | Breast cancer cell line (MCF7) | Flow cytometer | Apoptosis | NS | [75] |
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