Stingless Bee Propolis: New Insights for Anticancer Drugs

Table 3

In vitro effects of propolis from different stingless bee species on the cell cycle of cancer lineages.

Stingless bee species	Region/country	Extract type or isolated compound	Cell lineage	Assays	Effects on cell cycle	Involved mechanisms	References
Trigona incisa	Kalimantan, Indonesia	Methanolic; Fractioned (ethyl acetate and hexane)	Colon adenocarcinoma (SW620)	Flow cytometer	Cell cycle arrest (G1 phase)	NS	[100]
Melipona quadrifasciata anthidioides	Santa Catarina, Brazil	Hydroethanolic; Ethanol/water 70/30 %	Human melanoma (SK-MEL-28)	Flow cytometer	Cell cycle arrest (G2/M phases)	NS	[57]
Tetragonula biroi	Philippines	Ethanolic	Gastric cancer (AGS, MKN-45, NUGC-4)	Flow cytometer; qRT-PCR	Cell cycle arrest (G0/G1 phases)	Positive modulation of the transcription of inhibitory genes of the cell cycle (CDKN1A, CDKN1B, tp53) and negative modulation for transcription of (CDK1, CDK2, and CCND1) related to kinases and cyclins	[16]

NS: not studied.