Combining Nanotechnology and Gas Plasma as an Emerging Platform for Cancer Therapy: Mechanism and Therapeutic Implication

Table 2

Studies on combining nanoparticle and gas plasma treatment in vitro and in vivo.

Particle and gas plasma type	Main finding	Tumor entity	Ref.
AuNPs and helium-based plasma jet	(i) Enhancement of the intracellular formation of superoxide andhydroxyl radical; (ii) Decrease in intracellular glutathione; (iii) Increase early apoptosis and secondary necrosis; (iv) Caused a significant increase in the sub-G1 fraction; (v) Reduction in G2/M levels; (vi) FAS externalization and caspase-8 activation	Melanoma	[163]
AuNPs and plasma jet	(i) Increase of cell death; (ii) Production of ROS/RNS; (iii) decrease of cancer cells viability	Glioblastoma	[154]
Anti-NEU AuNPs and surface type air plasma	(i) Reduction of proliferation rate; (ii) Increase of selective cancer cell death	Melanoma	[164]
PEG-coated AuNPs and surface DBD air plasma	(i) Decrease cancer cells viability; (ii) Inhibiting tumor cell proliferation; (iii) ROS/RNS-mediated apoptosis; (iv) Activation of tumor suppressors; (v) Inhibition of tumor growth; (vi) Reduction of migration and invasion in cancer cells; (vii) Decrease of tumor volume; (viii) Increase of E-cadherin in treated tissues	Glioblastoma	[159]
AuNPs and DBD plasma	(i) Augmentation of anti-cancer cytotoxicity; (ii) Increasing AuNP endocytosis and trafficking to lysosomes in cancer cells; (iii) Enhancement of AuNP uptake	Glioblastoma	[160]
AuNPs and plasma jet	(i) Decrease of cell viability; (ii) Improvement of NPs uptake rate into cells; (iii) Increment of ROS/RNS intensity in the cancer cells	Glioblastoma	[161]
FAK antibody conjugated-AuNPs and DBD plasma	(i) Inhibition of the viability of cancer cells; (ii) Induction of apoptosis; (iii) Decrease of cell cycle phase in G1; (iv) Increase of the number of apoptotic cells	Melanoma	[165]
Fluorouracil loaded PLGA NPs and plasma jet	(i) Induction of cytotoxic effects; (ii) Decrease of metastatic gene expression; (iii) Enhancement of anti-cancer effects; (iv) Exhibited anti-proliferative effects; (v) Increase of cellular internalization of NPs	Breast cancer	[149]
Iron NPs and plasma jet	(i) Reduction in cell proliferation; (ii) Induction apoptotic process; (iii) Showed DNA fragmentation; (iv) Increment of cancer cell death	Breast cancer	[168]
Epidermal growth factor conjugated AuNPs and DBD plasma	(i) Increase in cytotoxicity; (ii) Enhancement of the apoptotic response	Lung cancer	[249]
Silica, silver, iron oxide, cerium oxide, titanium oxide, and iron-doped titanium oxide NPs, and plasma jet	(i) Reduction of growth pattern; (ii) Increased cytotoxic effects; (iii) ROS/RNS generation	Melanoma	[166]
AuNPs and plasma jet	(i) Increase of apoptotic cell death; (ii) Induction of nuclear condensation and DNA fragmentation	Colorectal cancer	[250]
Iron oxide-based magnetic NPs and plasma jet	(i) Decrease of cell viability; (ii) Indication of high levels of ROS/RNS; (iii) G0/G1 Phase cell cycle arrest and condensation of nuclei; (iv) Inhibitory effect on cell migration and invasion; (v) Indicating intensive necrosis and apoptosis; (vi) Inhibition of cancer cells proliferation; (vii) Restraining tumor growth and reduction of tumor size	Lung cancer	[169]
PLGA-magnetic iron oxide NPs and plasma jet	(i) Inhibition of cancer cells proliferation; (ii) Enhancement of cytotoxicity; (iii) Induction of necrosis and apoptosis; (iv) Increase of intracellular ROS/RNS levels	Lung cancer	[142]
Production of AuNPs by gas plasma	(i) Reduction of invasive cancer cell proliferation; (ii) Induction of cancer cell apoptosis; (iii) Impairment of cell migration	Breast cancer	[251]
Platinum NPs and plasma jet	(i) Decrease in the viability of cancer cells; (ii) Enhancement the percentage of apoptosis cells; (iii) Increment in the percentage of DNA fragmentation; (iv) Decrease of cells in the G1 cell cycle phases; (v) Induction of ROS/RNS production; (vi) Augment of intracellular Ca^2+ levels	Lymphoma	[252]
AuNPs and gas plasma	(i) Gas plasma-stimulated AuNP uptake; (ii) Constant production of ROS/RNS (especially H2O2, NO2^-, and NO3^-); (iii) Gas plasma-induced lipid peroxidation; (iv) Increase of AuNPs uptake through endocytosis	Glioblastoma	[162]
Anti-EGFR-AuNPs and air plasma	(i) Increment of death rate and proliferation; (ii) Increase necrosis	Melanoma and oral cancer	[167]
PEG-AuNPs and plasma jet	(i) Production of singlet oxygen; (ii) Hot electrons cause gold−PEG bond		[253]
Curcumin loaded on triphosphate chitosan NPs by plasma jet	(i) Decrease of cell viability; (ii) Induction of sub-G1; arrest of G2/M; (iii) Upregulation of TP53 mRNA expression as a tumor suppressor; (iv) Increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells	Breast cancer	[254]