Phytoantioxidant Functionalized Nanoparticles: A Green Approach to Combat Nanoparticle-Induced Oxidative Stress

Table 1

Characterization and antioxidant profile of phytoantioxidant functionalized nanoparticles.

Nanoparticle type	Plant (part used)	Reaction time (temp.)	Characterization methods	Size (nm)	Shape	Storage stability	Antioxidant assay and major findings (IC50μg/mL)	Reference standard in antioxidant assay (IC50μg/mL)	Data source
Copper	Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (leaves)	48 h (RT)	TEM, FT-IR, UV-Vis	NM	NM	n.d.	H2O2: 68.5% at 500 μg/mL; FRAP: OD: 1.2 at 1000 μg/mL	DNS	[161]
Copper	Dioscorea bulbifera (tubers)	5 h (40°C)	TEM, EDX, XRD, DLS, FT-IR, UV-Vis	86-126	Spherical	n.d.	(% at 100 μg/mL); DPPH: 40.81%; NO: 79.06%; O2^⋅−: 48.39%	AA (100 μg/mL); 51.42%; 68.37%; 14.11%	[162]
Gold	Couroupita guianensis (fruits)	1 h (70°C)	TEM, EDX, XRD, DLS, FT-IR, UV-Vis, zeta potential	26	Spherical, triangular, and hexagonal	45 days (RT)	(% and OD at 100 μg/mL); DPPH: 70.6%; O2^⋅−: 89.8%; Reducing power: OD: 0.3; ^⋅OH (IC50): 36	AA; 96.28%; 90%; OD: >0.7; <20 μg/mL	[67]
Gold	Rhus coriaria (whole plant)	40 min (40°C) followed by 1 h (RT)	UV-Vis, XRD, TEM, FT-IR, zeta potential	15-25	Spherical	n.d.	(% at 800 μM); DPPH: 85.73%; ABTS: 96.83%	Glutathione (100%)	[163]
Silver	Hippophae rhamnoides (leaves)	24 h (RT)	TEM, UV-Vis, EDX, FT-IR, DLS, zeta potential	10-40	Spherical	1 year	DPPH: >80% at 20 μg/mL	AA; DNS	[164]
Silver	Costus afer (leaves)	2 h (90°C)	SEM, TEM, UV-Vis, EDX, FT-IR	20	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): <50	Similar to AA	[165]
Silver	Taraxacum officinale (leaves)	15 min (RT)	TEM, XRD UV-Vis, FT-IR	5-30	Spherical	4 months (RT)	ABTS (IC50): 45.6; DPPH (IC50): 56.1; NO (IC50): 56.1	AA and catechol (IC50): 40-60	[166]
Silver	Erythrina suberosa (leaves)	Overnight (RT)	DLS, TEM, UV-Vis, FT-IR	12-115	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 30.04	BHT (DNS)	[167]
Silver	Cestrum nocturnum (leaves)	1 week (RT)	SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR	20	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH: 29.55%; H2O2: 45.41%; ^⋅OH: 20%; O2^⋅−: 8%	AA; 24.28%; 65.63%; 9.47%; 32%	[168]
Silver	Cassia angustifolia (flowers)	NM ()	UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, DLS, zeta potential	10-80	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 47.24; H2O2 (IC50): 78.10; FRAP (IC50): 63.21	AA (IC50); >60 in all tested assays	[169]
Silver	Camellia sinensis (leaves), Allium sativum (bulb), Curcuma longa (rhizome)	2 h (60°C)	SEM, TEM, UV-Vis, EDX, FT-IR	8	Spherical	n.d.	IC50 between 5.02 and 22.93; (ABTS, DPPH, ^⋅OH, O2^⋅−, H2O2)	AA and rutoside (IC50); to	[170]
Silver	Spice blend	24 h (NM)	UV-Vis, EDX, SEM, XRD, TEM, FT-IR	6-28	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): <31.2; ABTS (IC50): 68.75	Comparable to rutoside	[171]
Silver	Psidium guajava (leaves)	30 min (RT)	SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, EDX, FT-IR, zeta potential	20-35	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 52.53; ABTS (IC50): 55.10	AA (IC50); <40	[172]
Zinc oxide	Berberis aristata (leaves)	DNS	SEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, EDX, DLS	5-40	Needle-like	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 3.55	AA (IC50); 1.69	[173]
Silver	Ananas comosus (fruit peel)	20-30 min (100°C)	UV-Vis, SEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR	NM	Spherical	n.d.	(% and OD at 100 μg/mL); ABTS: 10-20%; DPPH: <50%; NO: <30%; Reducing power:	BHT (100 μg/mL); >90%; 80%; >70%	[174]
Silver	Prosopis farcta (fruits)	25-45 min (50-70°C)	UV-Vis, XRD, TEM	10-15	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): FRAP: >25 mmol Fe(II)/mg extract	AA (IC50) (); NM	[175]
Gold	Vitex negundo (leaves)	Overnight (RT)	SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, EDX	20-70	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 62.18; NO (IC50): 70.45	DNS	[176]
Silver	Morus alba (leaves)	10 min (NM)	SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, EDX, DLS, FT-IR	12-39	Spherical	n.d.	IC50 between 25.9 and 97.2; (DPPH, ABTS, O2^⋅−, NO, metal chelating)	AA (IC50); 10-50	[177]
Silver	Lavandula stoechas (aerial parts)	30 min (80°C)	UV-Vis, SEM, XRD, TEM, FT-IR	20-50	Spherical	n.d.	(% at 25 mg/mL); DPPH: 75%	AA (25 mg/mL); 100%	[178]
Silver	Nothapodytes foetida (leaves)	NM (80°C)	UV-Vis, TEM	20-50	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 22.56; ABTS (IC50): 41.47	Comparable to BHT	[179]
Silver	Brassica oleracea (leaves)	10 min (RT)	TEM, EDX, FT-IR, UV-Vis, zeta potential	20	Spherical	n.d.	(% at 200 μg/mL); DPPH: 80%; NO: 80%; O2^⋅−: 60-80%; ^⋅OH: 60-80%	AA (200 μg/mL); >80% in all tested assays	[180]
Silver	Blighia sapida (leaves)	2 h ()	UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM	50-70	Spherical	n.d.	(% at 150 μg/mL); DPPH: 75.42%; Reducing power: 53.52%	AA (150 μg/mL); >80%; 70.19%	[181]
Iron	Asphodelus aestivus (aerial parts)	20 min (50-60°C)	SEM, TEM, XRD, UV-Vis, FT-IR, EDX, TGA, zeta potential	20-25	NM	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 3.48	NM	[182]
Silver	Atropa acuminata (leaves)	30 min (60°C)	TEM, XRD, EDX, DLS, zeta potential, UV-Vis, FT-IR	5-20	Spherical	n.d.	DPPH (IC50): 16.08; H2O2 (IC50): 25.4; O2^⋅− (IC50): 21.12	AA (IC50): 27.68; GA (IC50): 28.31; AA (IC50): 30.48	[183]
Titanium dioxide	Psidium guajava (leaves)	24 h (RT)	FT-IR, SEM, EDX, XRD	32.58	Spherical	n.d.	(% at 500 μg/mL); DPPH: >85%; TAA: >90%	AA (500 μg/mL); >90%; <50%	[184]
Titanium dioxide	Cola nitida (leaves, pods, seeds, and seed shell)	1 h (RT)	UV-Vis, FT-IR, TEM, XRD, EDX	25-191	Spherical	n.d.	(% at 10-80 μg/mL); DPPH: 32.61-62.06%; H2O2: 78.45-99.23 %	NM	[185]

Note: n.d.: not determined; NM: not mentioned; DNS: data not shown; AA: ascorbic acid; BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene; GA: gallic acid; IC₅₀: half-maximal inhibitory concentration; %: percent scavenging; RT: room temperature; nm: nanometer; O₂^⋅−: superoxide radical; DPPH: DPPH radical scavenging activity; H₂O₂: hydrogen peroxide radical scavenging activity; ABTS: ABTS radical scavenging activity; ^⋅OH: hydroxyl radical scavenging activity; NO: nitric oxide radical scavenging activity; FRAP: ferric-reducing antioxidant power; UV-Vis: ultraviolet and visible absorption spectroscopy; SEM: scanning electron microscopy; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; XRD: X-ray diffraction analysis; EDX: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy; DLS: dynamic light scattering; TGA: thermal gravimetric analysis; TAA: total antioxidant activity.