Oridonin Alters Hepatic Urea Cycle via Gut Microbiota and Protects against Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury

Figure 6

B. vulgatus enrichment by OD alters urea cycle dysregulation against APAP hepatotoxicity. (a, b) Serum ALT and AST levels in mice treated with vehicle or B. vulgatus prior to APAP treatment (). (c) mRNA levels of cytokines and chemokines in the liver (). (d, e) Hepatic GSH and SOD in both groups (). (f) Representative H&E and TUNEL staining images. (g) qPCR analysis of urea cycle-related genes (). (h) Representative images of Cps1 and Ass1 immunohistochemical staining of liver tissues. (i, j) Western blot analysis of urea cycle and Nrf2 pathway (). (k) Urea cycle-associated metabolites by LC-MS (-6). (l) Serum ammonia and urea levels (-8). (m, n) Serum ALT and AST levels in each group (). The data are presented as the . , .