| Type of cancer | Cancer cell lines | Potential anticancer mechanisms | Ref |
| Brain tumors | Neuroblastoma | IMR-32 SK-N-BE2 | ↑Apoptosis, ↓cell viability, ↑Myd88, ↑Beclin 1, ↑LC3 II, ↑TLR4, ↑autophagy, ↓mTOR, ↓p62 | [52] | SK-N-SH | ↑Cell cycle arrest at phase G2/M, ↓proliferation, ↑Akt, ↑CHD5, ↑p53, ↓neuroblastoma growth, ↓tumor microvessel formation, ↓DNMT3b, ↑ERE, ↑luciferase, ↑MEK | [53–55] | SK-N-DZ | ↑Apoptosis, ↑FasL, ↑TNFR-1, ↑TNF-α, ↑FADD, ↑caspase-8, ↓cell proliferation, ↑PARP, ↑DFF45 cleavage, ↑apoptosis | [57] | SH-SY5Y (N-Myc nonamplified) SK-N-DZ (N-Myc amplified) | ↑Suppression of survival and angiogenic pathways: cleavage of Bid to tBid, ↓hTERT, ↓VEGF, ↓NF-κB, ↓c-IAP2, ↓MDR, ↓N-Myc, ↓FGF2, ↓p-Akt, ↑apoptosis | [58] | SH-SY5Y SK-N-BE2 | ↑Apoptosis, ↓tumor weight, ↓volume, ↑Smac, ↑Bax, ↓Bcl-2, ↓BIRC, ↓AIF, ↓caspase-3, ↓VEGF, ↓FGF2, ↓NF-κB | [59] | SK-N-BE2 | ↑Apoptosis, ↑Bax, ↓Bcl-2, ↑mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, ↑AIF, ↑Smac, ↑Bax : Bcl-2 ratio, ↓N-Myc, ↑NF-κB, ↑calpain, ↑caspase-3, ↑caspase-8, ↓SBDP | [60–62] | Glioblastoma Medulloblastoma | Glioblastoma A172, KNS60, U251MG Medulloblastoma ONS76 | ↓Cell growth, ↑cell arrest at the G2/M phase, ↑DNA damage, ↓telomerase, ↑telomere shortening | [67] | Pituitary cancer | Human prolactinoma cells | ↑Apoptosis, ↑percentage of cells in phase G1, ↓DNA synthesis, ↓cell proliferation of cultured pituitary cells | [69] | Mouse AtT-20 Rat anterior pituitary cells | ↓Proliferation at the G0/G1 phase and G2/M phase, ↑apoptosis | [70] | Breast cancer | T47D MCF-7-C3 | ↓CIP2A, ↓E2F1, ↑apoptosis, ↑growth inhibition, ↑proteasomal degradation, ↑transcriptional suppression | [71] | MCF-7 MDA-MB-231 | ↑ABCC1, ↑ABCG2, ↑apoptosis, ↓p-Akt, ↓IGF-1R, ↓Bcl-2-associated X protein-protein ratio | [72] | BCSCs | ↓CD44+/CD24-/ESA+, ↑PI3K/Akt, ↑MEK/ERK, ↑G2/M cell cycle arrest, ↑apoptosis, ↑BRCA1, ↑ATR complex, ↑DNA damage, ↓TNBC | [74] | Hs578t MDA-MB-435 | ↑Apoptosis, ↓cell viability, ↑miR-23b | [75–79] | MCF-7 T47D | ↓IGF-1R-PI3K/Akt, ↓cell proliferation, ↓Bcl-2/Bax, ↓mRNA, ↑apoptosis, ↓Akt, ↓HOTAIR | [84, 86] | MCF-7/Adr | Genistein combined with doxorubicin: ↑intracellular accumulation of doxorubicin, ↑apoptosis, ↑cell cycle arrest, ↓HER2/neu expression | [87] | MCF-7 | ↑Ribose 5-phosphate, ↑6-phosphogluconate, ↑pentose phosphate pathway, ↓glutamine, ↓glucose uptake, ↓protein biosynthesis | [89–94] | Lung cancer | A549 | ↑Caspase-3/9, ↑apoptosis, ↓MET, ↑miR-27a | [97] | A549 MRC-5 | Radiosensitizing effect, ↑oxidative stress, ↓oxidative damage, ↑mRNA, ↑GSH, ↑Nrf2, ↑HO-1 | [98] | A549, NCI-H460 (H460), ABC-1 | ↑TSA, ↑histone or nonhistone protein acetylation, ↑histone H3/H4 acetylation, ↑expression of protein p300 | [99] | A549 | Genistein combined with ATRA, ↓ICAM-1, Bcl-2, ↓MUC1, ↓Bcl-2, ↓Bax, ↓p-ERK1/2, ↓Cdk4, ↓Rb, ↓metastatic potential | [100] | H446 | ↑Apoptosis, ↓cell proliferation, ↓FOXM1 protein, ↓proliferation | [101] | A549 | ↓Cyclin D1, ↓Cdk4, ↑p15, ↑p21, ↑p27l, ↑Rb protein phosphorylation, ↑p53, ↑caspase-3, ↓TNFR-1, ↑apoptosis | [56] | Gastrointestinal cancers | Salivary gland cancer | SACC-83 | ↓Bax, ↓survivin, ↓Bcl-2, ↓protein tyrosine kinase, ↓cyclin D1, ↓cyclin B1, ↓Cdk4, ↓Cdk1, ↑G2/M cell cycle arrest | [106] | Esophageal cancer | TE-2 (p53, wild) TE-1 (p53, mutant) | ↑Radiosensitivity of cell lines, ↓p42/p44, ↑Akt/PKB, ↑poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, ↑Bax, ↓Bcl-2 | [111, 112] | Gastric cancer | AGS MKN45 | ↓Chemoresistance to 5-FU and cisplatin, ↓ERK1/2, ↓ABCG2, ↓tumor mass, ↓CD44, ↓Gli1, ↓Gli1 siRNA | [113] | BGC-823 | ↓p34(cdc2), ↑Tyr15, ↑G2/M cell cycle arrest, ↓COX-2, ↑apoptosis | [114] | SGC-7901 | ↓Ser642, ↑PTEN, ↓CENPF, ↓KIF23, ↓KIF22, ↓KIF20A, ↓KIF11, ↓FOXM1, ↓cdc25B, ↓cyclin B, ↓Cdk1, ↑p27Kip1 | [115–120] | Liver cancers | PLC/PRF5 | ↑Apoptosis, ↑G2/M cell cycle arrest | [125] | HepG2 | ↑MRP2 mRNA, ↑P-gp, ↓miR-379 | [126] | HepG2/C3A | Long term: ↑CYP1A Short term: ↓YP1A | [127, 128] | BNL CL2, Huh7, HepG2, HA22T | ↓MMP-9, ↓NF-κB, ↓P-1, ↑AP-1, ↓JNK, ↓ERK, ↓NF-κB, ↑phosphatidylinositol/ERK3-kinase/Akt | [129] | SMMC-7721, HepG2, Bel-7402 | ↑α-Catenin, ↑E-cadherin, ↓vimentin, ↓N-cadherin, ↓mRNA, ↑EMT, ↑TGF-β, ↓autotaxin, ↓COX-2, ↓ABCA3, ↓CD154 | [130] | Pancreatic cancer | MIA PaCa-2 | ↓miR-27a, ↓cell growth, ↓invasion, ↑apoptosis, ↓onco-miR-223 | [134, 135] | AsPC-1, MIA PaCa-2 | ↓TGF-β1, ↓E-cadherin | [137] | Colon cancer | HCT116 | ↓MMP-2, ↓FLT4, ↑G2/M cell cycle arrest | [140, 142, 143] | HT-29, LoVo | ↑Apoptosis, ↓NF-κB, ↓Bcl-2, ↑Bax, ↓β-catenin | [141, 144] | SW480, HCT116 | ↑G2/M cell cycle arrest, ↑p21waf1/cip1, ↑GADD45α, ↑ATM/p53, ↓cdc2, ↓cdc25A, ↓H3Ac, ↑Sfrp2, ↑Sfrp5, ↑Wnt5a | [145, 146] | DLD-1, SW480, SW1116 | ↓EGF, ↑FOXO3, ↑p27Kip1 | [148, 150, 151] | Urinary tract cancers | Kidney cancer | HK-2 | ↓PTH, ↑α-SMA, ↓CTGF, ↓mRNA, ↑E-cadherin | [153] | A498, 786-O, Caki-2 | ↓miR-1260b, ↓DKK2, ↓Sfrp1, ↓Smad4 | [154] | A498, HEK-293, ACHN | ↑2H3K4, ↑acetylated histones 3 and 4, RNA polymerase II, ↑3H3K4 | [150, 155, 156] | Bladder cancer | BDEC, TCCSUP | ↑DNA damage, ↑cell growth, ↑cycle arrest of the G2/M phase, ↑apoptosis | [159–161] | 253J B-V | ↓Growth of cells | [237] | Prostate cancer | LAPC-4, LNCaP, PC-3 | ↓ER-β | [164–166] | PC-3, DU145 | ↓miRNA-1260b, ↓Smad4, ↓Sfrp1 | [167] | C4-2B, ARCaPM, PC-3, PC-3-luc | ↑Bax, ↓mCRPC growth | [169] | DU145, PC-3 | ↑miR-34a, ↓HOTAIR, ↓miR-151 | [170] [78 | C4-2B, LNCaP | ↓Cell proliferation, ↑apoptosis | [171] | Genital cancers | Endometrial cancer | MES-SA, MES-SA-Dx5, SK-UT-1 | ↑DKK1, ↑p53, ↓Bax, ↓phospho-MEK, ↓β-catenin, ↓p27, ↑DNA fragmentation, ↑caspase-3 | ([179], [180]) | Ishikawa | ↑DR5, ↑DR4, ↓caspase-8, ↓caspase-3, ↓PARP | [181] | UtLM | ↓TGF-β, ↓activin A, ↓Smad3 | [183] | ELT-3 | ↑PPARγ | [187] | Bone cancer | Cervical cancer | HeLa | ↑Apoptosis, ↑CHOP, ↑p-p70S6K1, ↑NF-κB, ↑p-4E-BP1, ↑p-mTOR, ↑p-Akt, ↓TIMP-1, ↓survivin expression | [188, 191, 192, 196] | TC-1 | ↑IFN-γ | [193] | CaSki, HeLa | ↓ERK1/2, ↓p38 MAPK | [194] | Ovarian cancer | BG-1 | pSmad3, ↓TGF-β, ↓EMT, ↓BPA, ↓E2, ↓TGF-β | [197] | OCSLCs | ↓FOXM1, ↓CD133, ↓ALDH1, ↓CD44 | [198] | Testicular cancer | TM4 | ↑Caspase-3, ↑necrosis, ↑apoptosis, ↑CPP32 | [200, 201] | MG-63 | ↑PPARγ | [202] | Osteosarcoma | MNNG/HOS | ↑Akt, ↓NF-κB | [203] | Skin cancer | Melanoma | C918 | ↓VE-cadherin mRNA, ↓Bcl-xL, ↓Bcl-2, ↑Apaf-1 | [212–216] | B164A5 | ↓Tumor weight, ↓volume, ↓quantity of melanin | [210] | LiBr | ↓Caspase-3, ↑apoptosis | [119] |
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