Effects of Traditional Chinese Medication-Based Bioactive Compounds on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Oxidative Stress

Table 1

TCM-based bioactive compounds and oxidative stress.

Bioactive compounds	Cellular and molecular mechanisms	References
Polyphenols
Tea polyphenols	Reduce inflammation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, regulate the antioxidant enzyme system and play an efficient scavenging effect on free radicals by activating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, inhibit the oxidase system, increase the antioxidant capacities and expressions of p-ATM and p-Chk2, and activate NFE2L2 and MAPK pathways.	[9, 12–17]
Salvianolic acid	Regulate Akt, Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1, TLR4/NF-κB, and MAPK signaling pathways, inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inhibit endothelial permeability, and inhibit transforming growth factor-β1 pathway.	[21–30]
Resveratrol	Inhibit NADPH oxidase-mediated production, activate SIRT1, upregulate antioxidative enzymes and eNOS, alleviate metabolic disturbances, upregulate the activities of some antioxidant enzymes by activating Nrf2, and upregulate γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase by activating Nrf2.	[31, 34–39]
Baicalein	Downregulate PERK and upregulate Nrf2; regulate KLF4-MARCH5-Drp1, PARP-1/AIF, and NF-κB pathways; and stabilize CHIP activity to promote RIPK1/RIPK3 ubiquitination and degradation.	[44–52]
Baicalin	Inhibit NF-κB and p38 MAPK signaling pathways and increase mTOR signaling, inactivate succinate dehydrogenase to suppress ROS production, and repress C/EBPβ via redox homeostasis.	[55–60]
Luteolin	Activate P38 MAPK/NF-κB, Nrf2, and p21 pathways; inhibit mTOR signaling.	[42, 62–69]
Quercetin	Attenuate oxidative alterations through NF-κB and MAPK/Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathways; inhibit HMGB1 and SIRT1/ER stress.	[72–76]
Silymarin	Increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes; inhibit lipid peroxidation.	[77, 78]
Puerarin	Alleviate oxidative stress through TLR4/NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Nrf2 pathway, and antioxidant enzymes by downregulating HIF-1α and upregulating TIMP-3 and BCL-2; inhibit MAPK and active STAT3.	[79–83]
Saponins
Timosaponin	Reduce MDA and LDH, improve SOD and NO, reduce ROS, reduce IL-1β production by inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome, and reduce the activity of NF-κB.	[84–86]
Ginsenoside	Upregulate GPX4; restore the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; regulate SIRT1; and activate AMPK, PERK/Nrf2/HMOX1, and Nrf2 pathways.	[88–96]
Polysaccharides
Astragalus polysaccharides	Improve the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduce oxidative stress indices; alleviate oxidative injury via elevating the expression of KLF2 via the MEK/ERK pathway; inhibit oxidative damage and modulate the expressions of HSP70, NF-κB, and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway; and regulate FoxO3a/Wnt2/β-catenin pathway.	[97, 101–106]
Lycium barbarum polysaccharides	Reduce mitochondrial membrane potential and ROC, reduce ROS, restore endogenous antioxidant enzymes, and downregulate p-eIF2α, GRP78, and CHOP.	[97, 101, 108–111]
Ziziphus jujuba polysaccharides	Strong superoxide anion scavenging ability; outstanding chelation to ferrous ions.	[101, 112]
Angelica polysaccharides	Increase SOD, reduce MDA, and overenhance the phosphorylation of Akt/hTERT; upregulate mir-126, which could activate the PI3K/AKT and mTOR signal pathways.	[113–115]
Cordyceps polysaccharides	Good ability of scavenging DPPH and ABTS free radicals.	[101]