Associations among Cognitive Functions, Plasma DNA, and Diffusion Tensor Image along the Perivascular Space (DTI-ALPS) in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Table 2

Neuro-psycological results of the PD patients and normal controls.

	Normal group	Patients with PD ()			value
	()	PDN ()	PD-MCI ()	PDD ()
Attention function
Digit span					<0.001	§¶#&†
Attention					<0.001	¶&†
Orientation					<0.001	¶&†
Executive function
Digit symbol coding					<0.001	§¶#&†
Similarity					<0.001	§¶#&†
Arithmetic					<0.001	§¶#&
Picture arrangement					<0.001	¶&
Matrix reasoning					<0.001	¶#&†
Abstract thinking					<0.001	¶&†
Memory function
Short-term memory					<0.001	¶&†
Long-term memory					0.005	¶&†
Information					<0.001	¶&†
Speech and language
Vocabulary					<0.001	§¶#&†
Comprehension					<0.001	§¶#&†
Language					<0.001	¶&†
Visuospatial function
Picture completion					<0.001	¶#&†
Block design					<0.001	§¶#&
Drawing					<0.001	¶&†

Data are presented as . The cognitive function data were compared by analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) after controlling for age and sex with Bonferroni correction. value represented the comparison amounts of the PDN, PD-MCI, and PDD patients and the normal control group. Significant differences among groups; §Significant differences between NC and PD-MCI; ¶Significant differences between NC and PDD; #Significant differences between PDN and PD-MCI; &Significant differences between PDN and PDD; †Significant differences between PD-MCI and PDD.