[Retracted] Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Their Potential Agents in Hematological Diseases

Figure 1

The biogenesis and release of MSC-exosomes. (a) The multiple sources of MSCs: MSCs can be isolated from the bone marrow, umbilical cord, placenta, adipose, dental pulp, and iPSCs/ESCs. (b) The molecular identification of MSCs and biogenesis of MSC-exosomes: MSCs are positive for the makers of CD105, CD73, and CD90 but negative for CD45, CD34, CD14, CD11b, and CD19. MSC-exosomes are formed through the fusion of MVBs and secreted into the extracellular space. (c) MSCs can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myoblasts. (d) MSC-exosomes are enriched in multiple bioactive components including proteins, mRNAs, DNA, lipids, miRNAs, lncRNA, and metabolites. iPSCs/ESCs: induced pluripotent stem cells/embryonic stem cells; MVB: multivesicular body; mRNA: messenger RNA; ncRNA: noncoding RNA; HSP: heat shock proteins.