[Retracted] Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Their Potential Agents in Hematological Diseases

Table 1

MSC-exosomes in hematological diseases.

Disease	MSC sources	Exosomal cargo	Disease model	Biological effect	Ref.
Refractory GVHD	Human BM-MSCs	NM	Clinical case	Reduced proinflammatory cytokine and improved clinical GvHD symptoms	[37]
aGVHD	Immortalized human embryonic stem cell-derived MSCs	NM	Mouse GVHD model	Enhanced Treg production, alleviated GVHD symptoms, and increased survival by APC	[95]
aGVHD	Human BM-MSCs	miR-125a-3p	Mouse GVHD model	Prolonged the survival of mice with aGVHD and reduced the pathologic damage by suppressing the functional differentiation of T cells from a naive to an effect or phenotype	[27]
aGVHD	Human UC-MSCs	NM	Mouse GVHD model	Lowered the number of CD3^+CD8^+ T cells; reduced levels of IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ; increased the ratio of CD3^+CD4^+/CD3^+CD8^+ T cells; and rose serum levels of IL-10	[96]
GVHD	Human UC-MSCs	TGF-β, IFN-γ, IDO, IL-10	In vitro cell experiment	Promoted PBMCs to differentiate into Tregs via TGF-β and IFN-γ	[94]
cGVHD	Human BM-MSCs	NM	Mouse chronic GVHD	Blocked Th17 differentiation and improved the Treg phenotype	[97]
cGVHD	Human UC-MSCs	NM	Mouse chronic GVHD	Prevented skin fibrosis in the cGVHD mouse model by suppressing the activation of macrophages and B cell immune response	[98]
MM/lymphoma/leukemia	Young and elderly healthy donor BM-MSCs	NM	In vitro cell experiment	Antitumor effect existed in the supernatant and not in exosomes; the antiangiogenesis effect depends on the age of donors	[43]
MM	MM-derived BM-MSCs	miRNA-15a, IL-2, CCL-2, fibronectin	Mouse MM model	MM patient-derived BM-MSC exosomes promoted MM tumor growth while normal-derived exosomes inhibited the growth of MM cells	[42]
MM	Human BM-MSCs and mouse BM-MSCs	MCP-1, IP-10, SDF-1	In vitro and in vivo MM model	Favored MM cell proliferation, migration, and survival and induce drug resistance to bortezomib	[100]
MM	Normal donors and MM BM-MSCs	NM	In vitro cell experiment	Decreased cells viability, proliferation, migration, and translation initiation with exosomes from normal donor BM-MSCs, whereas MM MSC-exosomes increased	[101]
MM	Old and young MM-derived BM-MSCs	miR-340	In vivo model of hypoxic BM in MM	Inhibited MM-induced angiogenesis with exosomes from young BM-MSCs, and miR-340 inhibited angiogenesis in endothelial cells	[103]
MM	MM and normal tissue-derived MSCs	LINC00461	In vitro cell experiment	LINC0046 was highly expressed in MSC exosomes and enhanced MM cell proliferation	[102]
MM	Bortezomib-resistant or bortezomib-sensitive patient MSCs	lncPSMA3, PSMA3-AS1	U266-luc^+ xenograft models	Exosomal lncPSMA3-AS1 mediated resistance to proteasome inhibitors by regulating the stability of PSMA3	[30]
AML	Human BM-MSCs	S100A4	In vitro cell experiment	Upregulated S100A4 and driven proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance of leukemia cells	[106]
AML	Human BM-MSCs	TGFB1, miR-155, miR-375	Clinical sample analysis	Released TGFB1, miR155, and miR375 to mediate extrinsic chemoresistance within the niche in AML	[33]
AML	HD or newly diagnosed AML patient BM-MSCs	miR-26a-5p, miR-101-3p, miR-23b-5p, miR-339-3p, miR-425-5p	Clinical sample analysis	Identified candidate miRNAs that provide new insights regarding leukemogenesis and new treatment strategies	[39]
CML	Human UC-MSCs	NM	In vitro cell experiment	Enhanced the sensitivity of K562 cells to imatinib (IM) via activation of the caspase signaling pathway	[105]
CML	Human BM-MSCs	miR-15a	CML xenograft tumor model	Inhibited CML cell proliferation, decreased their sensitivity to IM, and promoted IM resistance	[32]
CLL	Human BM-MSCs	NM	In vitro cell experiment	Rescued leukemic cells from spontaneous or drug-induced apoptosis, enhanced their migration, and induced gene expression modifications	[40]
Hodgkin lymphoma	MSC cell lines	ADAM10	In vitro cell experiment	Induced release of cytokines, like TNFα, sCD30, or CD30 shedding by HL cells	[31]
MDS	HD and MDS patient BM-MSCs	miR-10a, miR-15a	In vitro cell experiment	MDS BM-MSC-derived cargoes overexpressed miR-10a and miR-15a and enhanced cell viability and clonogenic capacity of CD34^+ cells	[41]

NM: not mentioned; HD: health donor; aGVHD: acute GVHD; UC-MSC: umbilical cord MSC; MDS: myelodysplastic syndrome; miRNAs: microRNAs; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; IP-10: interferon-inducible protein 10; SDF-1: stromal cell-derived factor 1; imatinib: IM.