Structure and Function of Mitochondria-Associated Endoplasmic Reticulum Membranes (MAMs) and Their Role in Cardiovascular Diseases

Figure 4

The alteration of MAM-mediated cellular functions in cardiovascular diseases. Major MAM-mediated abnormalities leading to CVD include lipid metabolism disorders, abnormal calcium levels, the activation of ROS and ER stress, the dysfunction of mitochondria and mitophagy, the activation of inflammation response, and the disorders of apoptosis and autophagy.