Review Article
Antispasmodic Potential of Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review
Figure 1
Schematic of molecular antispasmodic mechanism of essential oil. Essential oil inhibited the voltage dependent calcium ion channels and modulated the potassium ion channels and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Ca+2: calcium ions; VDCC: voltage dependent calcium channel; cGMP: cyclic guanosine monophosphate; GPCR: G protein-coupled receptor; PLC: phospholipase; cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate; MLCK: myosin light chain kinase; MLCP: myosin light chain phosphatase; NO: nitric oxide.