Irisin: A Promising Target for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Therapy

Table 1

The effects and mechanisms of irisin during ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Organs	Effects on IRI	Mechanisms involving irisin	Ref.
Cerebral IRI	Inflammation↓	NLRP3 pathway	[119]
	Inflammation↓	Notch pathway	[120, 121]
	O2^•-↓, MDA↓, 4-HNEs↓	PKB and ERK pathways	[97]
	PGC1-α↑, TFAM↑	Mitochondrial biogenesis	[113]
Flap revascularization	Endothelial cell proliferation	Antioxidative stress	[102]
Heart IRI	HDAC4 degradation↓	HDAC sumoylation	[108]
	MITOL↑	Anti-ER stress	[122]
	NOX↓	Antioxidative stress	[100]
	Opa1↑	Mitochondrial fusion	[42]
	Opa1↑	Mitophagy	[76, 111]
	PGC1-α deacetylation	AMPK pathway	[126, 127]
	Proangiogenic function	ERK pathway	[129]
	ROS↓, SOD↑	Antioxidative stress	[95, 96]
	SOD2↑, calcium overload↓	Mitochondrial permeability	[95]
	SOD2 localization	Mitochondrial permeability	[96]
	UCP3↑	Anti-mtROS	[107]
Hepatic IRI	Drp1↓, Fis1↓	Mitochondrial fission	[68]
	PGC1-α↑, TFAM↑	Mitochondrial biogenesis	[68]
	Kindlin-2↑	Anti-ER stress	[125]
	UCP2↑	Anti-mtROS	[68]
Hind limb IRI	Inflammatory biomarkers↓	Anti-inflammation	[118]
Intestinal IRI	Inflammation↓	Anti-ER stress	[99]
	MDAs↓, 4-HNEs↓, GPXs↑	Antioxidative stress	[98]
	SOD↑, GPXs↑, XO↓	Antioxidative stress	[99]
Pulmonary IRI	UCP2↑	Anti-mtROS	[105]
Renal IRI	Inflammation↓	Anti-ER stress	[117]
	Inflammation↓	P53 inactivation	[117]
	UCP2↑	Anti-mtROS	[106]

AMPK: adenosine 5-monophosphate-activated protein kinase; Drp1: dynamin-related protein 1; ERK: extracellular-regulated protein kinases; ER stress: endoplasmic reticulum stress; Fis1: fission protein 1; GPXs: glutathione peroxidases; HDAC: histone deacetylases; 4-HNEs: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenals; IRI: ischemia-reperfusion injury; MDAs: malondialdehydes; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; mPTP: mitochondrial permeability transition pore; mtROS: mitochondrial reactive oxygen species; NOX: NADPH oxidase; O₂^•-: superoxide; Opa 1: optic atrophy 1; PGC1-α: PPAR-c coactivator-1α; PKB: protein kinase B; SOD: superoxide dismutase; TFAM: target mitochondrial transcription factor A; UCPs: uncoupling proteins; XO: xanthine oxidase; ↑: increase; ↓: decrease; /: “or”.