Pretreatment with 6-Gingerol Ameliorates Sepsis-Induced Immune Dysfunction by Regulating the Cytokine Balance and Reducing Lymphocyte Apoptosis

Figure 3

6-Gingerol inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines. (a) Mice were i.p. injected with control or 6-gingerol (50 μg). After 2 days, mice were subjected to CLP using 26-gauge needles with two punctures. Blood was collected at 4 or 24 h after CLP, and their peritonea were washed with 3 ml of PBS. After centrifugation at , 5 min, cytokine concentrations in the peritoneum (top panels) and serum (bottom panels) were determined using a CBA kit; ND: not detected. Purified macrophages (b) and neutrophils (c) were cultured with combinations of control, 6-gingerol (1 μg/ml), Pam3 (500 ng/ml), and LPS (500 ng/ml), as indicated. After 24 h, supernatants were harvested, and cytokine levels were measured with the CBA kit. Data are presented as the means of triplicate cultures. (d, e) Mice were i.p. injected with control or 6-gingerol (50 μg). After 2 days, mice were subjected to CLP using 26-gauge needles with two punctures. Peritoneal cells were harvested and analyzed. (d) Representative flow plots (left panels), percentages (middle panels), and numbers (right panels) presented M1 (CD80⁺ F4/80⁺, iNOS⁺ F4/80⁺) or M2 (CD206⁺ F4/80⁺) macrophages in peritoneal cavity and (e) percentages of CD80⁺, iNOS⁺, or CD206⁺ cells in macrophages (F4/80⁺) (left panels). The M1/M2 ratio was calculated based on the percentages (top panel) and cell numbers (bottom panel) of iNOS⁺ F4/80⁺ cells and CD206⁺ F4/80⁺ cells in peritoneal cavity cells, respectively. Error bars indicated the for three separate experiments, for each group. Statistically significant differences are shown on the graph. NS: not significant.

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