|
| Flavonoids | Cell/animal model | Dosages and methods of administration in animal models | Antioxidation-related indexes | Ref |
|
| Baicalein | OGD cell model (SH-SY5Y)
MCAO rat model (Wistar) | In vitro: 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 μM for 12 h
In vivo: 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg, 7 times for 3 days before surgery, intragastric administration, tail vein injection. | Up: NQO1, Nrf2, GSH-Px, SOD, GSH, and CAT
Down: ROS, AMPK, MDA, and 8-OhdG | [30] |
OGD cell model (SH-SY5Y)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 μM for 12 h
In vivo: 30 mg/kg; daily for 7 days, intragastric administration. | Up: MMP | [31] |
Iodoacetic acid-induced oxidative injury cell model (HT22)
MCAO New Zealand white rabbit model | In vitro: 1, 2, 5, and 10 μM for 20 h
In vivo: 100 mg/kg, subcutaneous injection | Up: cell survival | [32] |
|
| Baicalin | Primary rat astrocytes and cortical neurons
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 0.1 to 100 μM
In vivo: 100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection | Down: SDH and ROS | [33] |
OGD cell model (SH-SY5Y)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 0.1, 1, and 10 μM for 2 h
In vivo: 10, 25, and 50 mg/kg, intravenous administration | Down: superoxide and peroxynitrite | [34] |
| Transient global ischemia Mongolian gerbil model | 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg; daily for 7 days, intraperitoneal injection | Up: SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px
Down: MDA | [77] |
|
| EC | H2O2 and tert-butyl hydroperoxide-simulatedmice embryonic cortical neuronal cells
MCAO mouse model (C57BL/6) | In vitro: 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μM for 6 h
In vivo: 2.5, 5, 15, and 30 mg/kg, intragastric administration | Up: HO-1 and nuclear Nrf2
Down: cytoplasmic Nrf2 | [78] |
OGD cell model (primary mice cortical neurons)
MCAO mouse model (C57BL/6) | In vitro: 50 and 100 μM
In vivo: 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg, intragastric administration | Up: HO-1, FTL, and BVR | [79] |
|
| ECG | OGD cell model (HBMECs) | 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 μM | Up: SOD
Down: ROS and MDA | [39] |
|
| EGCG | MCAO rat model (SD) | 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection. | Up: GSH-Px and SOD
Down: NO and MDA | [37] |
| MCAO mouse model (C57BL/6) | 50 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection. | Up: Nrf2 and SOD1
Down: GRP78, CHOP, and Caspase 12 | [35] |
| Dimethylarginine-induced HBMECs injury | 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μM for 24 h | Down: ROS and MDA | [80] |
| MCAO rat model (SD) | 40 mg/kg; daily for 3 days, intraperitoneal injection. | Up: GSH, Nrf2, HO-1, GCLC, and GCLM
Down: ROS | [36] |
| MCAO rat model (SD) | 10 mg/kg; one time for 1 h before surgery and daily for Day 4 to Day 7 after surgery, intragastric administration | Up: GSH and SOD
Down: NO and MDA | [38] |
| Glutamate-induced oxidative injury cell model (HT-22) | 1, 10, 50, and 100 100 μM for 10 h | Up: HO-1
Down: ROS | [81] |
|
| Quercetin | OGD cell model (hippocampal slices and neuron/glia cultures)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 10 μM
In vivo: 20 mg/kg; daily for 21 days before surgery, intragastric administration | Up: HO-1
Down: MDA | [41] |
| MCAO rat model (SD) | 10 mg/kg 30 mins before surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Oxidative stress-related proteins | [82] |
| MCAO gerbil model | 20 mg/kg 30; daily for 21 days before surgery, intragastric administration. | Up: SOD1, SOD2, CAT, and GSH-Px | [83] |
| MCAO rat model (SD) | 30 mg/kg 30; daily for 14 days, intraperitoneal injection. | Up: GSH, GSH-Px, and GRx
Down: lipid peroxidation level | [84] |
| MCAO rat model (SD) | 30 mg/kg 30 mins before surgery, 0, 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: GSH, GR, GSH-Px, GST, SOD, and CAT | [85] |
|
| Astragaloside IV | OGD cell model (SH-SY5Y)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 10, 30, and 60 μg/mL
In vivo: 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection | Up: SOD
Down: ROS and MDA | [86] |
| OGD cell model (neurons) | 6.25, 12.5, and 25 μmol/L 3 h before OGD and 24 h after OGD | Up: mitochondrial potential, ATP
Down: ROS | [46] |
| TIA mouse model (C57BL/6L) | 50 mg/kg two times every day for 12 weeks, intragastric administration | Up: T-AOC, SOD, GSH
Down: NOX2/4, ROS, and MDA | [45] |
| LPS stimulated bEnd.3 cells and C57BL/6 mice | In vitro: 25, 50 and 100 μM
In vivo: 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg daily for 7 days, intraperitoneal injection | Up: Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1
Down: ROS | [44] |
| OGD cell model (murine cortical neurons) | 1, 10, 25, and 50 μM | Up: HO-1, NQO1, and SRXN1
Down: ROS | [87] |
| MCAO mouse model (C57/B6) | 20 and 40 mg/kg 0, 24, and 48 h after surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: GSH-Px and SOD
Down: MDA | [43] |
|
| Genistein | MCAO rat model (SD) | 10 mg/kg daily for 7 days before surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: Nrf2 and NQO1
Down: ROS | [47] |
| MCAO rat model (SD) | 10 mg/kg 5 mins after surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: SOD and Nrf1
Down: MDA | [88] |
| H2O2-stimulated primary neurons | 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM | Down: ROS | [48] |
| MCAO mouse model (C57/BL6J) | 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg daily for 14 days before surgery, intragastric administration | Up: SOD and GSH-Px
Down: MDA and ROS | [49] |
|
| Rutin | Retinoic acid-induced IMR32 cell differentiation | 0.1 μM, 10 μM, and 100 μM | Down: ROS | [51] |
|
| Hesperidin | MCAO mouse model (C57BL/6J) | 100 mg/kg daily for 10 days, intraperitoneal injection | Up: GSH, CAT, SOD, and GSH-Px
Down: TBARS | [52] |
| MCAO rat model (Wistar) | 50 mg/kg daily for 15 days before surgery, intragastric administration. | Up: GSH, CAT, SOD, GR, and GSH-Px
Down: TBARS | [53] |
|
| Neohesperidin | MCAO rat model (SD) | 40 mg/kg daily for 21 days before surgery, intraperitoneal injection. | Up: T-AOC, GSH, SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, GR, POD, Nrf2, and HO-1
Down: MDA, ROS, and MPO | [54] |
|
| Apigenin | OGD cell model (PC12) | 1, 10, and 20 μM for 6 h | Up: Nrf2, SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, MMP
Down: ROS | [59] |
CoCl2-induced PC12
MCAO rat model | In vitro: 1-200 μg/mL for 1 h
In vivo: 25 mg/kg daily for 7 days, intraperitoneal injection | Up: MMP
Down: ROS | [60] |
|
| Isoquercetin | OGD cell model (primary hippocampal neurons)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL
In vivo: 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg daily for 3 days, intragastric administration | Up: SOD
Down: MDA | [62] |
OGD cell model (primary hippocampal neurons)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL
In vivo: 50 mg/kg daily for 7 days, intravenous administration | Up: SOD and Nrf2
Down: ROS | [63] |
| MCAO rat model (SD) | 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg daily for 3 days, intragastric administration | Up: SOD and CAT
Down: ROS and MDA | [89] |
|
| Isorhamnetin | MCAO mouse model (ICR) | 0.5 and 5 mg/kg, 0 and 24 hours after reperfusion, intraperitoneal injection | Up: Nrf2 and HO-1
Down: ROS and MDA | [90] |
| Methylglyoxal plus OGD cell model (HBMECs) | 10 to 100 μM | Up: GSH
Down: ROS | [64] |
|
| Phloretin | MCAO rat model (SD) | 20, 40, and 80 mg/kg daily for 14 days before surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: Nrf2, SOD, GSH, and GSH-Px
Down: MDA | [65] |
|
| Biochanin A | MCAO rat model (SD) | 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg daily for 14 days before surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: SOD, GSH-Px, Nrf2, and HO-1
Down: MDA | [66] |
|
| Tangeretin | OGD cell model (HBMECs) | 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 μM | Up: SOD
Down: ROS, MDA, iNOS, and NO | [55] |
|
| Morin | MCAO rat model (Wistar) | 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection | Down: ROS and MDA | [67] |
|
| Breviscapine | MCAO rat model (SD) | 20, 50, and 100 mg/kg daily for 7 days before surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: SOD, GSH, and CAT
Down: MDA | [68] |
|
| Hispidulin | MCAO rat model (Wistar) | 50 mg/kg daily for 7 days, intraperitoneal injection | Up: Nrf2, SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT
Down: MDA, ROS | [69] |
|
| Myricetin | MCAO rat model (SD) | 1, 5, and 25 mg/kg daily for 7 days before surgery, intragastric administration | Up: SOD and GSH
Down: MDA | [91] |
OGD cell model (SH-SY5Y)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 0.1, 0.33, 1, 3.3 and 10 nM
In vivo: 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg 2 h before surgery and 24 h, 48 h after surgery, intragastric administration | Up: Nrf2, HO-1, SOD, CAT, mitochondrial ATP, and MMP
Down: ROS, MDA, mitochondrial ROS, and mitochondrial MDA | [70] |
|
| Xanthoangelol | MCAO rat model (SD) | 50 and 100 mg/kg daily for 3 days, intraperitoneal injection | Up: Nrf2, CAT, SOD and GSH-Px
Down: MDA | [71] |
|
| Kaempferol | MCAO rat model (SD) | 1.75, 3.49, and 6.99 mM daily for 7 days before surgery, intragastric administration | Up: Nrf2, SOD and GSH
Down: MDA | [72] |
|
| Naringenin | OGD cell model (cortical neurons)
MCAO rat model (SD) | In vitro: 20, 40 and 80 μM
In vivo: 80 μM, intraperitoneal injection | Up: SOD and Nrf2
Down: MDA and ROS | [57] |
|
| Chrysin | MCAO mouse model (C57/BL6) | 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection | Up: SOD
Down: MDA | [92] |
| MCAO rat model (Wistar) | 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg daily for 21 days before surgery, intragastric administration | Up: GSH-Px
Down: MDA, NO | [93] |
|
| Icariin | Angiotensin II- (Ang II-) induced hypertension rat model | 10 mg/kg daily for 28 days, intragastric administration | Down: ROS | [73] |
|
| Icariside II | OGD cell model (PC12) | 12.5, 25, and 50 μM | Up: MMP, Nrf2, NQO1, and HO-1
Down: ROS and Keap1 | [74] |
|
| Nobiletin | MCAO rat model (SD) | 10 and 25 mg/kg daily for 3 days before surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: Nrf2, HO-1, GSH, and SOD1
Down: MDA | [58] |
|
| Xanthohumol | OGD cell model (primary neurons)
MCAO rat model (SD) | 0.5 μg/mL
0.4 mg/kg 10 mins before surgery, intraperitoneal injection | Up: CAT, SOD, and Nrf2
Down: ROS, MDA, 4-HNE, 8-OhdG, and GSSSG/GSH | [94] |
|
