Low-Intensity Exercise Routine for a Long Period of Time Prevents Osteosarcopenic Obesity in Sedentary Old Female Rats, by Decreasing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Increasing GDF-11

Figure 3

Muscle strength and functionality. We determined grip strength using dynamometry, and the results were normalized with the body mass of each rat: the dotted line is the cut-off point for establishing dynapenia (a). To determine muscle functionality, we determined the composition of LMWB in the arms and legs and related it to nasorectal length, a morphometric parameter known as the SMI muscle mass index (g/cm²) (b). Muscular functionality is the ratio of SMI to strength (c). The values represented in the graph are the average of 5 independent determinations. The differences between the experimental groups with respect to the sedentary group (S) are marked with the letter , and differences between ages were determined by comparing each age with its predecessor and are denoted as .

(a)

(b)

(c)