Salivary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Stroke Patients: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice

Figure 1

Redox imbalance in stroke brain. In stroke patients, there is an increased production of superoxide radical and peroxynitrite, which leads to intensified oxidative and nitrosative brain damage. This condition results not only in the increased synthesis/secretion of proinflammatory cytokines but also in blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and enhanced neuronal apoptosis. Abbreviations: CAT: catalase; GPx: glutathione peroxidase; GSH: reduced glutathione; GSSG: oxidized glutathione; SOD: superoxide dismutase.